Tuesday, December 31, 2019

A Comprehensive And Insightful Psychosocial Analysis Of...

This book provides a comprehensive and insightful psychosocial analysis of human development across the lifespan. It encompasses a vast array of purported psychosocial developmental theories which are applicable to all practices within the helping professions and in general, corresponds primarily to the course of a human life. This book has 12 chapters where chapter contents include: the birth of a human being: what makes us who we are; a secure base: the importance of attachment; adolescence, identity and change; family systems and their life cycle; growing up with a disability and; themes in old age. Each chapter is supplemented with a brief summary and an activity section which allows readers an opportunity to become more engaged with chapter contents as well as facilitate critical thinking. The book concludes with a references and index section. Beckett and Taylor in chapters 3 through 5 and 8 covered the principles of attachment, cognitive development, behaviorism and the family systems theory respectively. Attachment theory â€Å"is based on the proposition that the way we relate to others throughout our lives is shaped by our first relationship with our primary carer, who traditionally and still usually is the mother† (p. 41). Key to the development of attachment theory is John Bowlby who is affectionately dubbed the â€Å"father† of attachment theory (p. 41). Bowlby’s theory asserts that external factors influence a child’s development; particularly the impact of separation

Monday, December 23, 2019

Unit Title 366-Understand and meet the nutritional...

Learner statement Level 3 Diploma Health and Social Care Learner Name: Queenbe Rose Losaria Unit Title: 366-Understand and meet the nutritional requirements of individuals with dementia. Learner statement Assessor Use Only- Assessment Criteria Met Learner to provide narrative under each statement of how they meet the criteria. You must provide answers to each question that allow your assessor to properly assess what work duties you are doing or what role you have within your work. It expected that you would need approximately 300 words per question. The more detail you provide the less likely your account will be sent back for more clarification. You must answer each question in your own words and written in the first person†¦show more content†¦She became unsteady on her feet, which made her use the wheelchair from time to time. I always tried to give her motivation and encouragement to drink and eat as well as other staff members. It also important for me and other staff members to maintain good nutrition to prevent ill health whilst at workplace. I made sure that I am physically fit, had ate and drink well before going to work because sometimes if carers are unwell and have not eat or drink the level of patience and passion to care for the service users were affected which could make them becoming more agitated and distressed. 1.3 Outline how other health and emotional conditions may affect the nutritional needs of an individual with dementia An example of how other health and emotional conditions could affect the nutritional needs of an individual with dementia is depression, as this could lead to a loss of appetite and also a lack of interest in food and drinks. For example, Mrs B has been depressed for quite sometime due to the death of her husband. She would prefer to be on her own most of the time. As a result of her lack of socialisation she became socially isolated. This affected her nutritional needs, as she didn’t feel like eating. It took a long time until she agreed to go to the dining room at meal times. Once dinner was served she would lose interest in eating and tended to return to the lounge without touching the meal. I consistently done my best to try and encourage herShow MoreRelatedMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 6 ‘‘Affordable Health Care for America Act’’. VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 2 1 2 (b) TABLE TITLES.—This OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, AND SUB- Act is divided into divisions, titles, and 3 subtitlesRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pageswhich includes activities from the textbook plus additional bonus activities for each chapter. ââ€"   Media Enhanced WebAssign (ISBN 0-495-10963-0) Enhanced WebAssign is the most widely used homework system in higher education. Available for this title, Enhanced WebAssign allows you to assign, collect, grade, and record homework assignments via the web. This proven homework system has been enhanced to include links to the textbook sections, video examples, and problemspeciï ¬ c tutorials. Enhanced WebAssign

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Benefits and challenges of labour migration Free Essays

Migration of people to other countries in search of employment has occurred all through history and it is by no means a new phenomenon. For many of migration workers, migration is a real lifeline, but all too often, they still face exploitation and abuse. Forced labour, low pay, bad working conditions, virtually no social protection, and denial of freedom of association and trade union rights, discrimination, xenophobia and social exclusion – these are just some of the woes that rob migrants of the benefits they could have gained from working abroad. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits and challenges of labour migration or any similar topic only for you Order Now The countries in question can be classified according to their status as sending or receiving country in correspondence to their level of social and economic development. Workers move between them, cascading from poorer to richer countries. In each of the countries, they mainly take jobs in labour-intensive sectors with low skill requirements and low pay. These are most of all construction, agriculture, hotel and catering as well as domestic services. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Migrants defines a migrant worker as a â€Å"person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a resident†. But there is considerable conceptual difficulty in defining a migrant. Migration of labourer takes different forms. In one end, the place of working and residence of the labourer may be different, and the distance covered by daily commuting. At the other end, the worker’s may move permanently from their places of birth or usual place of residence, maintaining little or no contact with their places of origin. Between these two ends, people move away for differing periods of time. Based on how long they are away from their place of origin, the migrants are distinguished as ‘permanent’, ‘semi-permanent’ and ‘temporary’. Labour migration belongs to temporary migration, which is likely to stay away from their places of origin for more than a few months in a year. The temporary migrants are also known as ‘short duration’ migrants, ‘seasonal’ migrants or ‘circulatory’ migrants. The decision to migrate for economic reasons can have both positive and negative consequences. Migrants may secure a better income, have access to better social services, and be able to provide a better education for their children or benefit from the enrichment of becoming a member of a transnational community at ease in different cultures. However, migration may also cause family disruption when family members have to stay behind, and may involve sacrificing a familiar lifestyle and becoming a â€Å"stranger† in a new country. The complexity of the present day migration stream has intensified with distinctions between migrant workers, trainees, tourists, refugees and displaced persons becoming increasingly blurred. The term â€Å"migrants† appears to be broader than the term ‘migrant workers’ and is increasingly used in international discussions of human rights. The traditional explanation of migration as a movement from poor to rich nations is too simplified. There are both economic and non-economic factors affecting these flows. International migration has contributed to growth and prosperity in both host and source countries. Migrant worker remittances represent the second largest international monetary trade flow, exceeded only by petroleum. Migrants also provide a valuable source of semi-skilled and unskilled labour to many industrialising countries and provide a source of highly skilled labour to advanced countries, thereby assisting the latter in maintaining economic competitiveness. Labour migration policies differ from other migration policies directed at migration flows that may also have an impact on labour markets, for example refugee and family reunification, in the sense that they do not have humanitarian objectives but apply economic criteria with a view to responding to labour market needs. Governments at all points on the migration spectrum increasingly recognize the potential of regulatory mechanisms to maximize the positive impact of labour migration. Many sending and receiving countries are developing their regulatory capacities to manage labour mobility by considering the interests of respective governments, societies, and the migrant. Positive tensions for receiving countries: raise total output and incomes in the rich, host countries; increase efficiency in the use of the world’s resources all around, in rich and poor countries; increase the supply of entrepreneurship and stimulate the creation of small business; increase savings, investment, and human capital formation in the rich countries; accelerate the pace of innovation; increase the flow of remittances to poor countries; alleviate the economic problems associated with the aging population in rich countries. Globalization is a major driving force of international labour migration. Globalization has made migration much easier through better communications, dissemination of information through mass media and improved transport. Countries are at different stages of demographic transition, with developing countries typically having younger populations than developed countries. One of the most frequently cited costs of migration is so-called ‘brain drain’ — the loss of educated workers with valuable skills, which can impose large losses on governments that bear the costs of education and training. Brain drain is potentially a concern for all economies, both developing and developed, with some developed economies experiencing significant rates of skilled emigration. The greatest global concern in the area of international labour migration is the unprecedented rise in irregular forms of migration that has occurred in recent years. The numbers of unauthorized migrant workers are increasing in virtually every part of the world. A large proportion of labour migration occurs illegally, aided and abetted by a clandestine and often criminal industry. Increasingly, governments of both sending and receiving countries are developing regulatory mechanisms to manage labour migration. These include selective recruitment policies by countries needing labour, and strong marketing and overseas employment strategies by countries supplying labour. Migrant workers benefit host countries in a number of ways. The overall economic impact of all migrant workers to the UK for example suggests that they make a positive net contribution of around  £2.5 billion to the public accounts. There are huge implications for sending countries as a result of out-migration, the most crucial of which are the loss of expertise and skills. This brain drain is particularly acute in developing countries, especially where the move abroad is permanent. Public services, such as health, education and social services, are losing large numbers of skilled workers to migration. Structural changes and decreasing investment in the public sector has increased the pressure on public sector workers to migrate, as shown by trends in the health and education sectors. Although many economic migrants work in relatively low-paid jobs they regularly send money home to their families and relatives. However, it is difficult to estimate the scale of these remittances to sending countries because of the often informal manner in which they are returned, but there is little doubt that they contribute to the national income of the countries involved, and act as a stimulus to longer-term economic growth. Migrant workers who return home bring experience and knowledge from working in another country. This benefits the home country as a whole by adding to its pool of talented workers, particularly where the skills are relevant to the needs of the home economy and the migrant workers are willing to use them upon return. It also benefits the individual worker who will have developed through contact with people possessing a range of human, intellectual and professional skills. Access to educational and language courses in the host country should open up opportunities for career promotion at home and assist the personal development of each worker. Bibliography International Organisation for Migration. 2005. World Migration 2005. Costs and Benefits of International Migration. Kothari, U. (2002). Migration and chronic poverty. Chronic Poverty Research Centre. Institute for Development Policy and Management. University of Manchester. Working Paper No. 16. Linard, Andre. (1998). Migration and globalization: The new slaves. Brussels: ICFTU, July. Stalker, Peter. (2000). Workers without frontiers: The impact of globalization on international migration. International Labour Office, Geneva. World Economic and Social Survey. (2004). International migration trends Chapter11. World Health Organisation. Health and Human Rights Publications Series. Issue No.4 (December 2003). International Migration, Health and Human Rights.    How to cite Benefits and challenges of labour migration, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Thesis Statement For Death Of A Salesman Essay Example For Students

Thesis Statement For Death Of A Salesman Essay Death of a Salesman (1985)In Death of a Salesman (1985) one of the main characters is an old rundown salesman by the name of Willy(not Bill, and not William) Lowman. Willy spends his whole life working as an average traveling salesman. What keeps him motivated is the hopes of his sons living a better life than his own. As Willy gets older and sees that he has not accomplished much with his life, and that his son Happy hates him. When his son Happy comes to visit Willy goes into these flashbacks of his good times with his family and job. Willy eventually gets fed up with his life and tries to kill himself on a few occasions. He attempts this by driving his car into the bridge, and making a contraption to hook into his gas line so that he can breathe it in and hopefully become overwhelmed and die. Then his loving wife Linda finds out about the hose in the basement for the gas and she becomes disturbed. Throughout the movie Linda is shown mending her stockings, and Willy yells at her that she does not have to do that, and he will buy her new ones. Later on in the movie viewers learn that Willy has a mistress in another city. To give her thanks he gives her a pair of stockings. This is a big act of disloyalty. In the end peace is made, and it appears everything is going to be ok.

Friday, November 29, 2019

The Land of Opportunity Essay Sample free essay sample

In the article â€Å"The Land of Opportunity† written by James Loewen the writer argues that most pupils leave school ( sooner high school ) with no apprehension of societal inequality. chiefly due to their assigned text editions. When they are told by their instructors that America has a great trade of societal inequality that continues to this twenty-four hours. the student’s reactions are neer positive and about ever defensive. â€Å"The pupils blame the hapless for non being successful. They have no apprehension of the ways that chance is non equal in America and no impression that societal construction pushes people around. act uponing the thoughts they hold and the lives they manner. † ( Loewen page 304 ) . The writer places a batch of these issues on the history textbooks given out in category. These books are written in a manner that omit issues that continue today with societal inequality and ended old ages ago. We will write a custom essay sample on The Land of Opportunity Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page for illustration the most recent illustration of this issue in one book was Taft-Harley act of 1947 when we have had many memorable labour issues in American history since so. â€Å"No book references the Hormel meat-packers work stoppage broken by President Reagan. Nor do the text editions describe any go oning issues confronting labour. such as the growing of transnational corporations and their exportation of occupations overseas. With such skips. text editions writers can interpret labour history as something that happened long ago. like bondage. and that. like bondage. was corrected long ago. † ( Loewen page 304 ) . Loewen besides writes about the inequality between pupils of flush households and hapless households. When a kid is born he or she is automatically put into a societal category which will determine the remainder of their lives. When it comes to faculty members. schooling and occupations. the position you were born with affects every facet of this. Teachers expect the hapless childs to move and larn a different manner than the rich childs. and even the test-makers of the Scholastic Aptitude Test have similar backgrounds to those of affluent pupils. giving them a bigger advantage already. â€Å"As if this unequal place and school life were non plenty. rich adolescents so enroll in the Princeton reappraisal or other coaching Sessionss for the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Even without training. f lush kids are advantaged because their background is similar to that of the test-makers. so they are comfy with the vocabulary and elusive subculture premises of the trial. † ( Loewen page 306 ) . It’s no admiration that writer James Loewen finds it black that American pupils are raised into society with the thought and thought that our state is the land of chance.

Monday, November 25, 2019

When I Was Puerto Rican essays

When I Was Puerto Rican essays Growing up in Puerto Rico, Esmeralda Santiago experienced life in a variety of ways. Through her book she shares a number of these experiences, many that played an important role in shaping her as an individual. She shows her experiences from the earliest part of her youth through her life as young adult. Of the many experiences Santiago shares, I think here experiences she lives through while living in El Mangle, as well as in Sabana Grande were two specific periods in her life that helped shape her individuality. Living in the barrio of El Mangle, according to Negi, was an awful place to live. She seemed to develop her opinion the moment she was greeted by the horrible stench in the air. Her experiences with the school in El Mangle, I thought, in some ways became valuable tools shed eventually use in crisis situations. One experience Negi describes during an embarrassing moment showed that there was probably an even earlier interest in performing arts than Negi had originally anticipated. As Negi attempted to solve the math problem center stage, with a bloodthirsty audience looking on, her performing skills had already began to develop. She had no idea that she would be asked to replay a similar role in the future. Being called an ignorant jibara and immediately defending herself presented an unyielding attitude that Negi would benefit in a world of performing. When she describes herself leaving her body, her description of the process resembles a popular scene used in some movie scr ipts. Often time writers will have a particular scene written in their movies where they use a similar process. The deceased man watches the doctors pound on his chest in an attempt to revive him or the woman killed in an automobile accident watches her children mourn as shes laid to rest. Little does she know, but this art of removing the soul from her body, which Negi does, allows her to amaze a panel of judges at her auditi...

Friday, November 22, 2019

W6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

W6 - Essay Example It takes a relatively long time to accomplish the objectives of quality assurance, and to ascertain that the manufactured goods are within the accepted standards. On the other hand, the main objectives of manufacturing are to reduce the cost of production and factory expenditures and increase the output within the minimum period of time (Thompson 2003). Quality assurance is therefore seen as a factor that can reduce the desired output due to the time it consumes. Manufacturers are faced with the challenge of establishing new methods of designing, producing, selling and distributing products. Automated data collection technology is used by many industries in order to ensure that products conform to the accepted International Standards of Quality while maintaining the manufacturing throughput (Perrow 1967). Failure to adhere to quality standards may lead to reduced marketability of manufactured goods. Throughput in this case is the amount of good quality products produced over a short period of time. Miles and Snow (1978) postulated that the manner in which industries decide to deal with the problem of market share management, manufacturing problem as well as the managerial problem, determines its strategies. My organization uses the strategies of defender organizations. It is usually faced with the problem of managing its market share. However the operating environment has turned out to be stable, which is one of the factors required by such organizations in order for them do perform well. It has measures for enhancement of cost leadership which helps in solving the entrepreneurship issues. It specializes in one area of production, manufacturing consumer goods only, whereby it focuses on the down market which is well established, and helps it to accomplish the objective of offering products at low prices. It accomplishes efficiency through maintaining vertical integration. The organization maintains centralized operations, official procedures

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Computer in Elementary School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Computer in Elementary School - Essay Example This essay approves that digital technology systems allow people to connect with one another and with information resources. More specifically, these systems can be designed to facilitate and support information. Then the systems can allow access, exchange, communication, and collaboration among individuals and groups. This in turn helps people in accomplishing their tasks activities. These technologies are often referred to as computer-mediated communication and groupware. Currently, the Internet is the network of choice. The Internet allows educators to connect instructors, learners, and information on a global basis. The popularity of the Internet permits this information to be hypermediated, highly unstructured, and readily available. Consequently, we are currently experiencing an explosion of Internet based instructional systems. The Internet has suddenly become the de facto global technology platform for instruction and learning. Although Internet based instruction is the faste st growing area of educational technology research, we know little about how to effectively design and implement these systems for educational applications. This report makes a conclusion that a review of educational technology literature over the past three decades reveals a proliferation of research articles and national reports detailing the effects of computer technology in the classroom. Recent reports advocate the need to "establish a definition of conditions for effective use of technology; create new measures of progress and indicators of effective use; and design new approaches to assessment and more sensitive evaluation tools".

Monday, November 18, 2019

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique - Essay Example The essay "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique" talks about an advanced imaging technique used in the field of medicine under radiology particularly how it works. All bodies expose themselves to water molecules. The water molecule has two protons and hydrogen nuclei. When one is using a powerful magnetic field of a scanner, the overall magnetic moment of different protons aligns themselves in the direction of the field. Turning on of the radio frequency transmitter follows, thus, producing different electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic field has the appropriate frequency termed as resonance frequency; the protons in the magnetic field absorb and flip the spin. After a while, when the electromagnetic field is in off status, the protons’ spins get to thermal dynamic equilibrium. The bulk magnetizations get aligned by the static field. As a result, this relaxation, radio frequency signals arise; these can be measured using receiver coils. Additional magnetic fields can facilitate learning about the information regarding the origin of the 3D space during the scan. Fields generated by passing electrical current via gradient coils results to varying magnetic fields in reference to the position of the magnet. This also alters the frequency of the signal, as it depends on the origin of the signal. Mathematically, the distribution of the signal can also be recovered from the body; however, this uses the inverse frontier transformation. After the relaxation rates, protons in various tissues return to the equilibrium.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

A History of Autism Developments

A History of Autism Developments In Autistic Space Temple Grandin is a professor of animal science at Colorado State University, and consultant to the livestock industry on animal behavior. She completed her PhD in Animal Science at the University of Illinois in Urbana and invented the hug box, a device to calm those on the autism spectrum. She is one of the first individuals on the autism spectrum to publicly share insights from her personal experience of autism. Grandin was diagnosed with brain damage when she was two. She could not speak until age three and struggled with severe behavioral issues through her teens. She thanked her mother who never lost faith in her and fought many battles to ensure that she got an education, and her high school science teacher, William Carlock, who built up her confidence and channeled her teenage fascination with cows into a career in animal science. At the University, she came to see her profound emotional connection with animals as autistic, and crucial for her work. In May 1989, she moderated a round table discussion at the conference of autism professionals and educators in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Her presentation prompted Rimland to introduce her 1986 memoir, Emergence, as the first book written by a recovered autistic individual. By then, she was on her way to becoming the most recognized autistic people on earth. In his 1995 book An Anthropologist on Mars, neurologist Oliver Sacks depicted Grandin as a mature autistic person with a complex inner life. The title of his book was inspired by Grandin when she said all her life she felt like an anthropologist observing human interactions from a distance. But by now, Grandin wouldnt consider herself as a recovered autistic. Autism is part of who I am, she told Sacks, If I could snap my fingers and be non-autistic, I would not, because then I wouldnt be me. But Grandins perspective did not take root among the advocacy organizations. When parent-run advocacy organizations get online in the 1990s, they continued to feature images of children on their websites, as if autistic adults didnt exist. The presentation at conferences dwelled on the usual deficits and impairments, rather than on exploring the atypical gifts that Grandin found so useful in her work. Jim Sinclair, a young man in the audience, determined to change that. Besides being on the spectrum, Sinclair was born with the physical characteristics of both genders. His parents had raised him as female on the advice of their doctor, but he had never felt female. He was speaking in echolalia until he was twelve. The complex rules of the social world seemed incomprehensible to him when he was a teenager. By the time he was in graduate school, his efforts to pass as non-autistic fell apart. When Sinclair saw Portrait of an Autistic Young Man, he had a profound sense of recognition. He could see what the experts in the film could not see: that Joseph was trying to communicate through his behavior. He wanted to connect with other autistic people, so he subscribed to a quarterly publication called the MAAP (for more able autistic people) and submitted poems and letters to the editor hoping his peers would contact him. One of Sinclairs poems attracted Gary Mesibovs attention. Mesibov, a cofounder of TEACCH, offered Sinclair a scholarship to attend the Chapel Hill conference and write an essay about his experience. Sinclairs essay on the conference appeared in a TEACCH anthology along with contributions from Lorna Wing and Catherine Lord. A year later, Sinclair was invited to sit on a panel in California by the Autism Society of America. He felt like a self-narrating zoo exhibit. Rather than being the token autistic on a panel at a conference in Indianapolis, Sinclair conspired with other members of the MAAP list to make their presence visible throughout the proceedings. Each of them would make a point of raising their hands during the QA sessions, identifying themselves as autistic people, and then asked questions or make a relevant comment so that people would notice they were there. *** In 1992, Sinclair launched the first autistic-run organization in history, called Autism Network International (ANI), with Donna Williams and Kathy Lissner. ANI would stand up for the civil rights and self-determination of people all across the spectrum. ANI organized its first Autreat at Camp Bristol Hills in Canandaigua, New York, in July 1996. The theme of the conference was Celebrating Autistic Culture. Autreat became an annual event and provided a template for similar conferences in other countries. *** A new idea was brewing in the autistic community. It turned out to be an old idea from Asperger that people with the traits of his syndrome have always been part of the human community, standing apart, making the world a better place. In the late 1990s, Judy Singer, an autistic student of anthropology and sociology in Australia called it neurodiversity. After her daughters diagnosis of Asperger syndrome at age nine, Singer recognized autistic traits in herself. She joined a mailing list called Independent Living on the Autism Spectrum (InLv). People with dyslexia, ADHD, and other conditions were also welcome to join the list. It was in telephone conversations with Harvey Blume, a list member and writer in the New York Times, that Singer came up with the term neurodiversity. *** In 2004, two teenagers named Alex Plank and Dan Grover launched Wrong Planet, one of the first autistic spaces in the internet. They were both digital natives with Asperger syndrome. The community grew slowly and steadily at first, and then it went viral with Planks interview with Bram Cohen, the autistic creator of BitTorrent. *** In December 2007, a series of billboards appeared on street corners in Manhattan. One ad read, We have your son. We will make sure he will not be able to care for himself or interact socially as long as he lives. This is only the beginning. These ads were sponsored by the Child Study Center (CSC) of New York University to alert the public to the silent public health epidemic of childhood mental illness. Then from out of nowhere, an organization called the Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN) along with outraged parents and prominent disability rights groups launched a storm of e-mails and blogs in NYUs direction objecting to the demeaning wording of the ads. This is the first time in history that autistics were challenging the mainstream media without the help of a parent-run organization. The architect of the protest was a nineteen-year-old cofounder of the ASAN named Ari Neeman. Neeman was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome when he was twelve years old. On December 6, the day after the CSCs ad campaign, Neeman called the CSC expressing his concerns and left phone messages, but got no reply. Two days later, ASAN blasted out an action alert. The next day when the major media outlets were running stories on the controversy, the CSC agreed to pull the ads. In 2010, President Obama nominated Neeman to the National Council on Disability (NCS). In recent years, the ASAN had played a significant role in formulating the federal disability policy. *** For parents like Craig and Shannon Rosa, the neurodiversity movement has offered ways of fighting for a better future for their children that dont depend on hopes of recovery. One of the most important lessons they had learned on their journey with Leo is patience. They have to accept that he is unfolding at his own pace. Shannon and her circle of friends launched a website called Thinking Persons Guide to Autism for parents just starting out on the journey so that they dont have to go through the ordeal that the Rosas did.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Essays on Rape -- Catharine MacKinnon Susan Estrich Essays

Essays on Rape Only Words, by Catharine MacKinnon is a collection of three essays; each essay argues her claim that sexual words and pictures should be banned instead of Constitutionally protected under the First Amendment as free speech. In her first essay, â€Å"Defamation and Discrimination,† MacKinnon takes the stance that pornography is sex, and should not be treated as speech, but as a sexist act. She claims that pornography is an action, just as, â€Å"a sign saying ‘White Only’ is only words, but †¦ it is seen as the act of segregation that it is.†(MacKinnon 13) MacKinnon claims that other action words, such as death threats, are banned, pornography should be banned as well. According to her essay, pornography rapes women. First, the photographers select already victimized women to be photographed, and thereby re-victimizing them. Then each man who views the pornography uses the ideas he attains from it to force his own sexual partner to perform the acts in the pornography. In the second essay, â€Å"Racial and Sexual Harassment,† MacKinnon states, â€Å"if ever words have been understood as acts, it has been when they are sexual harassment.†(MacKinnon 45) She explains how written words can have the same effects on a reader as an action. They can evoke the same fear and violation as a physical threat of rape. In her final essay, â€Å"Equality and Speech,† MacKinnon suggests that the words as actions that she has describes in her previous essays should be subject to a group defamation lawsuit. She states that the Constitution protects speech that promotes sexual inequality. She feels that the Fourteenth Amendment should cover the discrimination allowed in the First Amendment. Susan Estrich’s Real Rape is an essay preaching proposed changes in rape statutes. Estrich first describes, in great detail, the history of rape legislation in England. She follows pertinent cases through history, citing changes and analyzing the effects of those changes. Estrich bases her findings on summaries, dissents, and other legal documentation. She then describes the current law, and evaluates how it has changed the way in which the court views rape. Throughout her essay, Estrich makes a distinction between classic rape and simple rape. She defines the former as aggravated rape by a stranger, and the latter as rape by a date or acquaintance. Estrich focuses on simple ... ... although it can be used to hurt, it can also be used to bring aid and information to those in need. Imposing limits on freedom of expression would dampen our nation’s uniqueness and suppress the voice of the people. Her idea that pornography acts as sex and can therefore be banned because it is no longer speech is ludicrous and rash. The repercussions of such an amendment would change our society to one of ultimate government control. The examples that she gives to relate pornography to racism are limited in scope. She suggests that because Henri Matisse’s â€Å"The Blue Nude†(Matisse) portrays an unclothed female that a man may, in her words, â€Å"get off on,†(MacKinnon 58) it should be banned. The line between art and explicit pornography is not one that the government should be able to draw. The government should, however, protect victims from physical acts of rape as Susan Estrich describes. Bibliography: Estrich, Susan. Real Rape. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1987. MacKinnon, Catharine. Only Words. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1993. Matisse, Henri. The Blue Nude. The Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, Maryland.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Advanced Nursing

With the development of more advanced ways to deliver consumer centered quality health care services the traditional professional roles of nurse and doctor are being transformed. The shift from provider driven to consumer driven health care system anticipated a change in traditional ethical, cultural, and structural doctrine of professions in the system.As such, there is distinct shift in organization and culture of nursing profession, which includes the way nurses are educated, development of new nursing competencies, Code of Ethics, and a Code of Conduct, influences of human rights movement, opportunity policy, and legislation.There have been quite a number of speculations and criticism behind the establishment of advanced nursing practice but generally a lot of potential and promises have been seen from this profession.   Proof of this is that States such as Kansas have since revised their laws concerning the practice since 1999, and has generated positive responses thus far (â €Å"Nurse Practice Act changes to be introduced in 1999†, 1999).Similar cases in which there was an increase in the number of advanced nursing Practitioners has also been noted in States like Connecticut, where a community of APNs started their own discussion group until they found that their population has increase since they were established in the late 1990’s (Capobianco, 1999).Definition of Advanced Nursing PracticeAdvanced nursing practice at its simplest, is the attainment of further education, caring skills and field of practice of registered nurses.   Those who are undergoing advanced nursing practice posses a master’s or even a doctorate degree in nursing, and in doing so may entitle themselves to additional certification examinations.The practitioners of Advanced Nursing Practice are called Advanced Practice Nurses or APNs may also take the task of Certified Nurse Midwife (CNM), Nurse Practitioner (NP), Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) or Certified Re gistered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) whenever required.   They may also administer primary health care, perform mental health services, diagnose and prescribe medicine, do some scientific research and finally they can also teach in medical and nursing schools.As with other professions, examinations are conducted to earn and maintain licenses which some professionals claim as almost like trying to acquire a medical practice license (â€Å"Advanced Practice Nursing†, 2006).Another definition of advanced nursing practice comes from Jeffrey Bauer, one of the authors of Telemedicine and the Reinvention of Healthcare: The Seventh Revolution in Medicine.   He defines advanced practice nursing as not just the attainment of higher education and training of a nurse but also the pursuit of excellence through the six foundations of professional autonomy.Bauer also noted that APNs can manage their own clinical practice and that they are probably the solution for the country’s ever present shortage of health care practitioners (Sharp, 2000).Brown (2003) in the position statement defines advanced practice nursing as â€Å"an umbrella term appropriate for a licensed registered nurse prepared at the graduate degree level †¦ with specialized knowledge and skills that are applied within a broad range of patient populations in a variety of practice settings.The competencies of specialists include the ability to assess, conceptualize, diagnose, and analyze complex problems related to health. Credentials for a specialist require current licensure as a registered nurse, at least a master's degree in nursing, current national certification in the advanced practice area, and approval by the board of nursing,† (Brown, 2003, p. 391).As such, even though there is a variety of definitions that are used by scholars to define advanced nursing practice, there are three crucial features that distinguish advanced practice nursing from a regular registered nurse: grad uate level advanced education, strong relevant and specific theoretical base, professional application of theoretical knowledge in a day to day practice.Definition and Roles of a Nurse PractitionerA nurse practitioner (NP) is an advanced practicing nurse, whose practice is focused on services that meet the general needs of community, individuals, families and groups. NP is one of the four types of dances practicing nurses, the other three – certified nurse midwife, certified registered nurse anesthetist, and clinical nurse specialist normally concentrate on a specific area of health, such as cancer care, gerontology, mental or national health (Hickey, 2000).  High level of demand for nurse practitioners that is caused by economic efficiency of these specialists as compared with doctors is a factor of the roles and focus of services provided by NP.When it comes to speaking about the scope of roles attributed to a nurse practitioner, they are broad. Earlier definitions addres s health promotion and disease prevention as well as involve diagnosis and management of common illnesses alongside with stable chronic diseases.Nurse practitioner’s roles also include ordering, conducting, and interpreting laboratory tests alongside with prescriptions, treatments, and therapies. The general roles must then be matched with the specific theoretical background of a nurse practitioner and the field of practice (Raingruber, 2003).As such, the focus of the nursing practitioners’ roles is on chronic health care treatment, performance of parental, child care, well-woman and adult care check ups, and, finally, health promotion and teaching alongside with disease prevention.Primary attention is given lately to patient – nurse practitioner relationships and the scope of NP roles in a given situation. Firstly, scholars emphasize advocacy relationships between the two, as there is a conflict between NP’s freedom to practice and patients’ right s and interests in health care settings.Ellen W. Bernal (2002) emphasizes the importance of friendly relationships between patients and medical personnel and the role of a nurse practitioner as a patients’ advocate. Under this view, NPs are to identify unsafe and unethical practices and at the same time maintain own autonomy in order to be able to openly stand up to moral and ethical dilemmas.At the same time, the need to maintain treatment boundaries within the nurse client relationship is also one of the roles of nurse practitioners. As nurse find themselves working in different therapeutic settings working on his/her own or as a member of   a team, the boundaries of client relationships are often a subject to testing (Peternelj-Taylor, & Yonge, 2003).As such, one of the roles of NP is to adequately respond to the testing within the boundaries of professional integrity. Even though there is a large amount of literature addressing therapeutic treatment boundaries for nurse practitioners, it is impossible to address every situation and the issue still remains to be up to nurses’ consent, whereas the role of NP is to establish and maintain working boundaries in patient relationships.Professional Issues Surrounding Advanced Nursing PracticePerhaps, the hottest issue surrounding current ANP is the blurring line between being a doctor and ANP. To be more specific, ANPs feel as though their â€Å"territory† is slowly being intruded by APNs, which they believe is outrageously unfair for them who have the â€Å"proper† and â€Å"real† right to administer medical attention to patients.A drastically increasing number of ANPs in the United States, which doubled within the past 10 years and, under the most modest predictions, is likely to double within the next 4 years. The scope of the issue is broad, as in more then half of the states ANPs are allowed to practice without any distinct requirement for physician supervision or collabor ation (Mccabe & Burman, 2006).Going even further then this, as nurses have authority to prescribe some drugs and are eligible for Medicaid reimbursement in every state – it is economically unreasonable for patients, whose focus shifted towards sustaining medicine and health care, to pay for considerably more expensive medical services provided by a physician. As such, there is a conflict between the roles of physicians and APNs, which leads to uncertainty and deprives medical students to pursue additional education.Thus, a way in which this matter can be solved is by putting a limit on what an APN can and cannot do by setting-up a set of guidelines and regulations that will clearly state the roles of the physician and APN so that arguments like these would be avoided (Edmunds, 1999).It should be further pointed out, that the issue is very challenging, as there is a need to issue federal level guidelines and, perhaps, even regulates market economically in order to resolve the current argument.Other professional issues surrounding Advanced Nursing Practice are related to patient-nursing roles, Ethical Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct that define nursing behavior in a given situation. Being complicated and complex previously, they become a subject to even wider interpretation as a result of blurring difference between the roles of physician and APN, as they question the current hierarchy in health organizations and current reimbursement policy in health institutions.ConclusionNurses are the backbone of the industry and thus it should be equated that a strong backbone is required for the integrity of the industry. Unfortunately, inability of government to establish in a timely manner guidelines for advanced nursing practice results in a conflict between the roles of a physician and a nurse practitioner, which leads to uncertainty and potential misconduct.And still, it is clear that the advantages and benefits of advanced nursing practices far outweigh i ts consequences.   It should also be noted that there are boundaries and limits that are established between the two professions and that any argument regarding these should be settled in a much rather mild-mannered and professional way.   After all, professionalism is all about work and anything that is taken personally should be shrugged off.ReferencesAdvanced nursing practice update. (1999). Kansas State Nurses Association. Retrieved July 31, 2006 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3940/is_199906/ai_n8877228/printAdvanced Practice Nursing. (15 July 2006). Retrieved July 31, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Practice_NurseBernal, E. W. (2002). The Nurse as Patient Advocate. The Hastings Center Report, 22(4), 18.Brown, M.A., & Draye, M.A. (2003). Experiences of pioneer nurse practitioners in establishing advanced practice roles. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(4), 391-397.Capobianco, M. (1999). Advanced practice nursing in the northwest: â€Å"Th ere's a lot happening in our little corner of the state†. Connecticut Nursing News. Sept/Nov.   Retrieved July 31, 2006 from http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3902/is_199909/ai_n8853925/printEdmunds, Marilyn W. (1999). Increasing professional tension limits NP opportunities. Springhouse Corporation. Retrieved July 31, 2006 from   Ã‚  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3958/is_199905/ai_n8851221/printHickey, J. V. (2000). ANCC Responds. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 36(1), 33.Mccabe, S., & Burman, M. E. (2006). A Tale of Two APNs: Addressing Blurred Practice Boundaries in APN Practice. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 42(1), 3.Nurse Practice Act changes to be introduced in 1999. Kansas Nurses.   Jan. 1999.Peternelj-Taylor, C. A., & Yonge, O. (2003). Exploring Boundaries in the Nurse-Client Relationship: Professional Roles and Responsibilities. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 39(2), 55.Raingruber, B. (2003). Nurture: The Fundamental Significance o f Relationship as a Paradigm for Mental Health Nursing. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 39(3), 104.Sharp, Nancy. (2000). â€Å"The 21st century belongs to nurse practitioners†. Nurse Practitioner, April, 2000.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Legalization of Marijuana Analysis Report

Legalization of Medical Marijuana A proposal to the public Marijuana was first used in 2737 B. C for medical purposes by the Chinese for things like rheumatism, gout, and malaria. Though it was also used recreationally by ancient cultures, it was known more for its medicinal purposes. In 1545 the Spanish brought marijuana to the New World. In 1611 the English introduced marijuana in Jamestown, where it soon became a major cash crop alongside tobacco and was grown as a source of fiber. It was in the 1860’s that marijuana started to become regulated and restricted.Today there are 17 states in the U. S and Washington D. C, home to a number of our Country’s political leaders; that allow the use and sale of medical marijuana, with some restrictions of course. They include: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Washington D. C. Medical marij uana could be a key to the nation’s deficit by creating a tax on the plant, that every U.S president has admitted to trying at least once with the exception of a handful, and already seems to be providing people with medical benefits throughout the nation. The purpose of this proposal is to make the public more aware of the issue with medical marijuana and the benefits it could possibly have to our society and state. Should marijuana be legal? Could Mississippi benefit from medical marijuana? There are stories all over the web of how people have benefited through the use of marijuana medically.Making marijuana legal for medical use in the state of Mississippi could create jobs, create revenue for the state, and help people in the process who suffer from medical disorders and diseases. I will conduct my research by giving a survey to a wide range of participants. I hope to gather my information for prospective questions through research that will relate or pertain to the issue of medical marijuana. I plan on doing a survey that will have anywhere from 10 to 15 questions. This survey, I hope, will shed some light on the opinions that people have about medical marijuana in Mississippi. Legalization of Marijuana Analysis Report Legalization of Medical Marijuana A proposal to the public Marijuana was first used in 2737 B. C for medical purposes by the Chinese for things like rheumatism, gout, and malaria. Though it was also used recreationally by ancient cultures, it was known more for its medicinal purposes. In 1545 the Spanish brought marijuana to the New World. In 1611 the English introduced marijuana in Jamestown, where it soon became a major cash crop alongside tobacco and was grown as a source of fiber. It was in the 1860’s that marijuana started to become regulated and restricted.Today there are 17 states in the U. S and Washington D. C, home to a number of our Country’s political leaders; that allow the use and sale of medical marijuana, with some restrictions of course. They include: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Washington D. C. Medical marij uana could be a key to the nation’s deficit by creating a tax on the plant, that every U.S president has admitted to trying at least once with the exception of a handful, and already seems to be providing people with medical benefits throughout the nation. The purpose of this proposal is to make the public more aware of the issue with medical marijuana and the benefits it could possibly have to our society and state. Should marijuana be legal? Could Mississippi benefit from medical marijuana? There are stories all over the web of how people have benefited through the use of marijuana medically.Making marijuana legal for medical use in the state of Mississippi could create jobs, create revenue for the state, and help people in the process who suffer from medical disorders and diseases. I will conduct my research by giving a survey to a wide range of participants. I hope to gather my information for prospective questions through research that will relate or pertain to the issue of medical marijuana. I plan on doing a survey that will have anywhere from 10 to 15 questions. This survey, I hope, will shed some light on the opinions that people have about medical marijuana in Mississippi.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Conflict or Order essays

Conflict or Order essays Conflict or Order: Satisfaction With Everyday Life in the US The motivation of this attitude survey is to test structural-functional model and the social conflict model for how society works in the United States. The social-functional paradigm is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Basically this is an idea that our lives are guided by stable patterns of social patterns which are determined by the consequences for the operation of society. The social-conflict paradigm is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. This paradigm highlights division based on inequalities instead of solidarity. By looking at Americans satisfaction with the United States society and life reflect support for the social-functional model, indicating high levels of satisfaction, or support for the social-conflict model, indicating high levels of dissatisfaction with US society. The questionnaire for this survey is attached under the label APPENDIX I. The questionnaire included questions pertaining to the subjects satisfaction with their current work, family and with the educational and medical care systems of the United States. The research is divided into two sections. The first is a sample of six people and the second is a collaboration of a class of eighty-four students results. Results for the classes results are shown in Table 1. Regarding satisfaction with salary, 38% of the subjects were satisfied. In regards to the second issue, again, 38% of those questioned were in act satisfied. Concerning satisfaction with the third issue, class results show that f46 % of the subjects were satisfied. Regarding issue number four, satisfaction ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Information Technology Management at ZARA Essay

Information Technology Management at ZARA - Essay Example This essay outlines that information technology is helping the company to manage queues inside the outlet, control inventory and handle POS-terminals (Point-of-Sale terminal). In addition, IT is playing the all important role in managing Zara’s online store. The report also uncovered that, with the use of information technology, the company has been able to achieve competitive advantage over its competitors. One of the key findings of the study is that, Zara is using outdated software. According to the technical lead of ZARA, the software may be outdates but is highly stable. However it has been identified that any changes in the system configuration by the hardware vendors may negatively impact the company’s POS terminal operation.   The study is about analysing the most important aspects of Zara’s approach to information technology management. Apart from that the report will also shed light on whether or not these approaches are applicable and appropriate anywhere in the organization. In order to satisfy these objectives, the study will carry out an in-depth analysis of the external business environment of Zara and a brief internal analysis of the company. However the focus will be mainly on the information technology management of the company. Based on the findings, the report will draw a conclusion and provide some recommendations regarding how to improve the productivity of the company. Nevertheless, before getting further deep into the study, a brief overview of Zara is presented below.   ... In order to satisfy these objectives, the study will carry out an in-depth analysis of the external business environment of Zara and a brief internal analysis of the company. However the focus will be mainly on the information technology management of the company. Based on the findings, the report will draw a conclusion and provide some recommendations regarding how to improve the productivity of the company. Nevertheless, before getting further deep into the study, a brief overview of Zara is presented below. ZARA: A brief Synopsis Zara is a Spanish company involved in manufacturing and marketing of clothing and accessories. The company is the sister concern of Inditex, which is one of the leading distribution groups of the world. Zara was founded by Amancio Ortega and Rosalia Mera in the year 1975. Presently it is headquartered at Arteixo, Spain. The first store of the company was opened in La Courna. Zara is considered to be one of the largest multinational fashion companies (Zara , 2010a). The major competitors of Zara in the global context are Uniqlo, H&M, Marks & Spencer and United Colors of Benetton. According to reports, the company owns 5,527 stores around the world. Apart from the store operations, it also operates through online platforms. The net sales value of the company in the year 2011 was 13,793, and the operating profit was 3,258 which reflect the company’s financial stability (Inditex, 2011). The company is best known for continuously developing and launching new products. The company comes up with a number of innovative designs each year, which helps them to compete in the market. According to the CEO of the company, Zara’s business idea is very much

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Compare and Contrast Popular Culture LIterature Term Paper

Compare and Contrast Popular Culture LIterature - Term Paper Example Does one transcend the mind in that fraction of a second when the decision is made? Perhaps yes! In that eventuality, the decision is bound to be faultless. The source of that decision is made in the brilliant flash of inner light. Gladwell writes, â€Å"The first task of Blink is to convince you of a simple fact: decisions made very quickly can be every bit as good as decisions made cautiously and deliberately† (p.14). The word ‘very quickly’ has the element of divine aura about it, and does not contain the element of haste. The level of spiritual progression of those who are brilliant decision makers is far more than those who are consistently inept. The process of the best decisions is to be experienced by the decision maker and it cannot be explained in words. As with his writing technique, Gladwell supports his each contention with allegories and real-life case studies. He gives the example of a psychologist, a tennis coach and the art wizards who recognize t he fake at a glance. He also admits about the failures of â€Å"blink†. Like an ardent supporter of Popular Culture the author argues â€Å"We live in a world that assumes that the quality of a decision is directly related to the time and effort that went into making it† (p.13). ... 2. Outliers: The Story of Success Though the ardent worshippers of Popular Culture are aware of the importance of chance and circumstances in the life of an individual, they finally vote for an individual who succeeds in life in terms of monetary accomplishments. The society salutes the achiever. Big ideas are hidden in the ordinary life of an individual and what is required is to locate and present them before the public well in time. An individual has to notice the talent within him first, before it is being noticed by others. With the spread of Popular Culture, the importance of behavioral science has increased and Malcolm Gladwell is on the right spot to cash this opportunity. 1990s has been the ideal period for experimentation with his new style in literature. About the book â€Å"Outliers: The Story of Success† Malcolm Gladwell (2011) writes â€Å"This is a book about outliers, about men and women who do things that are out of the ordinary. Over the course of the chapte rs ahead, I’m going to introduce to you to one kind of outlier after another: to geniuses, business tycoons, rock stars, and software programmers† (p.17). He sums up his argument thus: â€Å"Nor is success simply the sum of the decisions and efforts we make on our own behalf. It is, rather, a gift. Outliers are those who have been given opportunities-- and who have had the strength and presence of mind to seize them† (p.267). If one understands this principle in its correct spirit, many of the problems in life will be no more problems, they will be the milestones in the path of success. Success stories are like the champagne to the combustible younger generation who are the admirers of the Popular Culture. Gladwell provides a new perspective about the

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Elements of genre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elements of genre - Essay Example history of The Religious Freedom Restoration Act in the US since 1995, pointing out all the flaws in the process involving its implementation and practice over time. The author also explains how discriminatory the bill is. Considering that discrimination is unconstitutional, most patriotic readers will be convinced about the unconstitutionality of the Act. The author should have also given the audience a positive side of the Act, instead of banking on the negatives only. This writing argues for The Religious Freedom Restoration Act, citing its role of balancing the interests of people, as well protecting the religious commitments of various people in the United States. The writing taps into the audience’s values and emotions through its emphasis on diversity. The author believes in diversity, hence justifies exemptions on the basis of religion. The author of this article persuades his audience by pointing out the influence this Act has employers, employees, insurance companies, non-profits, and government. Form this, a reader can evaluate how the Act promotes diversity basing on its influence on different groups of people and bodies. The author is also realistic in his evaluation of the Act. He acknowledges the fact that the Act has not received full support, as it faces opposition from different parties. He also recognizes that the Act is quite complex, though it remains relevant. In order to make this writing better, the author should have considered enhancing the simplicity and clarity of the article. This could have been for instance, through mentioning directly how the Act promotes people’s religious commitments. The author has presented his argument in a way that the reader has to demystify the relationship between the Act and its promotion of the religious commitments of different people in America. The major argument is that The Religious Freedom Restoration Act is bad, as it predisposes religious people to considerable financial dependency on the

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Properties of Language, According to Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Properties of Language, According to Linguistics Essay Language, we use it everyday, but what exactly defines â€Å"language? † Are there generalizations to be made of all languages? Does everyone learn language same way? What are the rules of language? â€Å"What is Language? † by Neil Smith and Deirdre Wilson answers these questions and more by highlighting the three major theories of modern linguistics. The first modern linguistic theory claims that language is govern by grammar and that grammar is a set of rules with two functions: identifying possible sentences in a given language and dictate the pronunciation meaning of a sentence in a given language. The first function provides fluent speakers the ability to understand every conceivable sentence in their language even if they never heard it before sentences. This creative quality to produce infinitely many sentences is unique to language. The second function provides fluent speakers of different dialects to communicate with each other using the grammar rules of their shared language. The two functions of the first modern linguistic theory provides effective communication between two parties and acknowledgment of it is vital in first understanding language. In part with the first modern linguistic theory’s definition of grammar is that each person’s linguistic grammar is entirely unique to him or herself, because everyone learns grammar differently due different external factors. Everyone absorbs different linguistic speech patterns from their external environment during infancy and adds it to his or her own unique grammar customs, habits or conventions. These differences are even more prominent in patients of aphasia, a language disability that breaks up certain parts of their grammar creating difficult to understand or entirely incoherent sentences. People with aphasia create their own linguistic systems, sometimes being completely incompatible with the common linguistic systems of their receivers, causing misunderstandings. Generally, the only two instances of completely unique linguistic systems are when infants first learn language and patients with aphasia. The study of these two instances are vital in understanding the degree of uniqueness a linguistic grammar systems. The second modern linguistic theory claims that grammar is psychologically real and unconsciously known. However, the idea that grammar is unconscious knowledge is a controversial one. The opposition argues that sentence understanding is formed from using analogous sentences the listener has already heard and understood. It is not unconscious knowledge, they claim, but conscious identification of previously understood sentences. However, that does not explain the creativity of forming entirely new sentences or understanding the meaning of a never heard before sentence. For example, Noam Chomsky’s famous line, â€Å"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously† understandably sounds English and follows the grammatical rules of English, but makes no semantic sense. The opposition’s claim should be understood as â€Å"previously experienced analogous rules are used to understand language. † This would be classified under grammar rules. This explains how students first learn a language by identifying patterns through multiple experiences with the same kind of sentences. L inguists, however, research existing patterns from recognizing sentence patterns that are psychologically valid, i. e. significant generalizations and sentence patterns that arose by accident or by coincidence, i.  e. accidental generalizations. Significant generalizations are formed from existing rules, such as using â€Å"mister† for a man and â€Å"miss† for a woman. Accidental generalizations are any rules that are not the currently valid linguistic rules and are formed from chance events from using rules during early development of the language or change from outside influences. A child might make an accidental generalization of â€Å"mister† and call a woman â€Å"mister,† which would be very inappropriate and incorrect. Through intensive research, linguists are able to identify which generalizations are accidental or incorrect and create generalizations that are correct. The third modern linguistic theory by Noam Chomsky claims that people learn certain language forms instinctively. Chomsky discovered this parallel from the fact that all languages are very similar to each other. A few universalities shared by all languages discovered by linguistics are that all languages have vowels, consonants, nouns, verbs, affirmative sentences, negative sentences and interrogative sentences. A study done by Russell Tomlin in 1986, London, is that 45% of all languages share the â€Å"subject-verb-object† sentence structure and 42% share the â€Å"subject-verb-object† sentence structure. Very few languages, for whatever reason, have the verb or object first, which would indicate that the formation of language favors the subject first and that most languages are predisposed to having a subject first in a sentence. Language, whether we completely comprehend its inner workings or not, is constantly a prevailing aspect of our daily lives. We use language unconsciously, and yet because of this aspect, it is very difficult to fully classify rules of language. Thankfully, we can analyze various instances of unique grammar formation to further clarify our generalizations of languages and through these generalizations, find universalities of all languages. What is language, you ask? Language is a beautiful study of unique linguistics systems, interplaying with each other to create powerful communication.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

KPTO Suicide Prevention Strategic Plan Analysis

KPTO Suicide Prevention Strategic Plan Analysis Executive Summary The source of information which was critically examined and presented in this document was referred to the Te Mahere Rautaki o Kia Piki te Ora Strategic Plan and Final Report of Kia Piki Te Ora (KPTO) Suicide Prevention Program Evaluation for the Ministry of Health which contacted the KÄ hui Tautoko Consulting Limited (KTCL) to draw a variety of data sources in order to give attention on questions about what KPTO brings and what are the effects established through its approaches and actions on Maori people across the 9 Regions. The data collected where critically examined and the Scriven-Davidson Key Evaluation Checklist serves as a guide. The KPTO program evaluation centers on process and impact evaluation questions wherein the parts reflected on what are the services and the way each provider deliberated, distributed and monitored activities in agreement with KPTO Accountability Structure and the All Age Suicide Prevention System Logic Model, the impact attained in communities and the significance contributed to Maori people suicide prevention, the KPTO cultural proficiency and the KPTO strong points and its areas for improvements. Purpose In year 2006, the KPTO involved all range of ages in the prevention program to address suicide rates focusing on Maori people. The activities involve ethnic approaches that were founded from the recognized cultural practice models appropriate for Maori suicide prevention and service distribution (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). The goal of KPTO program is to enhance the psychological and welfare status of Maori and involve engagement in communities as well as target the decrease of access to methods of suicide and helped to lessen the damaging effects linked to suicide or suicidal tendencies with the family, friends and in community (Ministry of Health, 2013). The KPTO program evaluation wanted to discover in many ways the program providers helped on the suicide prevention in each respective community. The evaluation also looks on issues or parts that need further attention. Clarity The KPTO program has its purpose of promoting the psychological health and welfare of Maori people giving them the highest concern of the program, as part of achieving this, there are services provided through a wide-ranging of mental health endorsement undertakings and agencies partnerships. The KPTOs plan of lessening the availability to the means of suicide has been given concerned by establishing policies and guidelines in collaboration with local councils and learning institutions.   However, according to Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited (2014), there was a deprived of evidences that will support this objective in the 9 regions. In order to address the effect of suicide to families, friends and in the community, the KPTO has diverse strategies to address this objective in working with the government organizations and community groups depending on how they assess the needs of the Maori to provide suitable services. KPTO not just provided awareness on suicide but also responding on suicide crisis as well as promoting a joint effort in health promotion program and mental health services, and also encouraging schools to give more attention on bullying and the action of the police to occurrences of crisis (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). The Ministry of Health funded the Kia Piki Te Ora Suicide Prevention Program in 9 regions to support and maintain the activities to prevent suicide mainly to the regions where there is an increased need of the services (Ministry of Health, 2015). Accuracy of evaluation/audit In order to conduct an evaluation, collection of data from various sources is important, and doing such creates and enhances the evaluation questions. It includes conducting a review of the KPTO project plans, assessing the reports and files made available by the Ministry of Health. Looking at the KPTO designed plans, reviewing and examination of reports and relevant documents helps gather more important information essential in the evaluation. The KPTO program created a positive effect in communities where it functioned particularly relating to the promotion of the shared responsibility in endorsing the suicide prevention undertakings. It was achieved due to the strong partnership with different agencies and collaboration with the community in each region and was evidenced by the responses from the families and stakeholders wherein the nine regional sites are visited and interviewed the program staffs ad stakeholders. However, those who could not attend the interview was still able to respond on the online survey organized which was completed by the representative from DHBs, Maori and social service providers, other private associations and police department (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). Significance of findings The KPTO program service providers have shown that there are different approaches to deliver the services which contributed to the prevention of suicide in each community. The outcomes enable to present the KPTOs strong points, identified issues or parts that need attention and a way for improvement. The KPTO service providers along with the key stakeholders have strongly made an effort to collaborate for significant partnership and encouraged agencies to give more attention on suicide prevention and promoting more activities and programs in all 9 regions.   The result has brought a positive impact on rendering KPTO health services (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). KPTO service distribution in nine regions concentrated on whÄ nau ora (family health) and whÄ nau welfare. It has been known in 4 locations that this priority was purposely line up in Governments Maori family health approach where applied in planning and delivery of the program which evidently shows an effective Maori community engagement (MOH, 2013). However, there are identified concerns in the delivery of the program. The KPTO providers have known to work that is not within the KPTOs scope which the stakeholders have expected for them to do so and also, the program providers have difficulty to reach all areas in an outsized region fairly. With this finding, it is necessary to make clear of the coordinators duty which is to perform as facilitator in a community to endorse health promotion, not as the first to respond on suicide emergencies. And for the large geographical regions, the challenges are related to the limited resources, human capability and the length of transportation which must have been given attention (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). Most of the KPTO program providers strongly carry out activity design in line thoroughly to the Accountability Structure and the All Age Suicide Program Logic Model. It was evidently shown that the program providers acquire understanding of projected distribution and undertakings that need to be attained yearly and also they correspondingly reported properly in every month and every six month period, also they continue to document the particular assessments of their actions wherein these reports is used to update upcoming activity plans (MOH, 2010). Insights The success of a program depends on many factors such as the way it was planned, delivered, funded, and effort made by the management and staffs. As for the KPTO program, it reflects the effectiveness of its role in contributing to the mental health of the intended recipients of the program as evidence by number of activities and collaboration with the organizations to prioritize suicide prevention (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). With this evaluation, it shows that the management and staffs play an important part in attaining the objectives of the program. They are the one on hand with the delivery of the activities and along with the influence of the stakeholders creating a strong effort to endorse the program in organizations. The stability of the staffs and coordinators in providing the services greatly helped in the program as for its continuity in the delivery of activities and acquired more experience in the community. Majority of the providers have rendered services to the community which enable them to work collaboratively with agencies in each region. Also, it is significant in achieving objectives to be involved in the celebration of the main recipients (Maori in KPTO program) for example the Waitangi Day and also often conduct events in gathering places. With this evaluation, it presents verified realization that a programs coordinator was able to work effectively when participated in strategic meetings which allowed them to voice out in decision-making, and a good communication is a way to promote sharing of essential information and designing policies. It is also important to note the responds of the recipients on the program delivery to greatly determine its impact and contribution in achieving objectives (Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited, 2014). The program which is mainly intended for Maori presented a competent cultural approach which serves as the strength of the program and because of this, it permits the providers to promote the welfare of the Maori based on the applicable way within their culture, with such, the program is accepted and suits with the Maori culture (McNeill, 2009). That is why, a program that considers the proper way in adjusting to the needs of the recipients will likely become acknowledged and succeeds. References Davidson, E.J. (2005). Evaluation Methodology Basics: The Nuts and Bolts of Sound Evaluation. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA. pp.6-7. Kahui Tautoko Consulting Limited (2014). Kia Piki te Ora Suicide Prevention Programme Evaluation Final Report. Wellington: Ministry of Health. McNeill, H. N. (2009). Maori models of mental wellness. Ministry of Health (2010). Paper for the Ministerial Committee on Suicide Prevention: MÄ ori Suicide Prevention. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health (2015). Kia Piki te Ora Suicide Prevention Programme Evaluation Final Report. Ministry of Health (2013). Te Mahere Rautaki o Kia Piki te Ora. Wellington: Ministry of Health.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Comparing Portrayal of Women in One Hundred Years of Solitude and The House of the Spirits :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Portrayal of Women in One Hundred Years of Solitude and The House of the Spirits The portrayal of women in the novels One Hundred years of Solitude and The House of the Spirits differs greatly. In One Hundred Years of Solitude empowerment comes only through age, for instance Ursula Iguaran, the matriarch of the Buendia family and to some extent Macondo, or through strength of sexuality, for instance Pilara Tenera the 'sexual matriarch' of Macondo. This is in contrast with The House of the Spirits where empowerment comes also through force of conviction, as seen with Nivea, and also through commercial enterprise as seen with Transito Soto. These women represent Allende's own brand of feminism Furthermore those women who accept a traditional role of subservience and remain staunch in their conservatism are shown to finish their days alone and mostly forgotten as is seen with Ferula and Nana. As the novels were set in first half of the twentieth century in Latin America, the role of women in the social hierarchy of this backdrop is worthy of consideration. This was a patriarchal society where men of whatever age were always superior in standing to women. As a woman aged, her position in the social hierarchy would increase. Furthermore women had few career choices; all were linked to some form of domestic service whether solely as a wife and mother or as a nanny or a combination. Religion played a very important role in this predominantly catholic area. The role of women as portrayed by the church was somewhat of a paradox, simultaneously acknowledging and praising women for the gift of child bearing and yet depicting them as the root of all sin, as the temptress inducing thoughts of fornication as well as causing the original sin, that being Adam eating the fruit in the 'Garden of Eden'. Despite Marquez's well documented anticlericalism this idea in church ideology of the temptress is paralleled in One Hundred Years of Solitude albeit the figure of Eve in her roles is split between the matriarchs of Macondo namely Pilar Tenera and Ursula Iguaran. In the beginning of One hundred years of solitude: "The world was so recent that many things lacked names, and in order to indicate them it was necessary to

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Poetry and Icarus Essay

The fateful tale of Icarus has been adapted in multiple ways in poetry and in paintings. In â€Å"Icarus†, a poem by Edward Field, a popular mythological character from long ago is transformed into the vastly different reality of a more contemporary world. Irony and figurative language are essential elements of Field’s version of the tale of Icarus, who is immersed into the twentieth century. Irony is extremely evident right when the poem begins to unfold. It starts off by mentioning the setting and the people that live within it. The line that mentions the witnesses of Icarus’s fall running off to a â€Å"gang war† is in my opinion, an ironic reversion of the roles. Field also says Icarus’s police report is â€Å"filed and forgotten†, which is more irony since that is the opposite of what should be done. In the first stanza alone there are immediate differences of the traditional life of Icarus and the new one. Field also uses diction to portray to the reader that the poem is a more contemporary version of the myth of Icarus. The words â€Å"suit†, â€Å"gang war†, â€Å"committees, and â€Å"trains† show that the writer is trying to tell you that the poem is in a more modern time. Field doesn’t even attempt to make the poem sound monumental like older poems and stories usually do. Edward Field adapts the Icarus myth so well that it still has the same lure as the actual Greek myth. His diction and irony definitely clarify the newer, more modern setting. He reflects an effective change of Icarus’s setting in a unique way that I haven’t seen done before, until now, that is.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

NSA Eavsdropping VS Privacy rights Essay

Abstract The United States government should not have the right to eavesdrop and target U.S citizens because of matter of national security. However if we have nothing to hide from the government, then why we should be afraid of the government eavesdropping on U.S citizens because of a national security reason, if according to the government it is to benefit and protect us? Should we give our privacy rights away for security? â€Å"Once you’ve lost your privacy, you realize you’ve lost an extremely valuable thing.† (Graham B. 1958). In this essay I will talk about the National Security Agency eavesdropping versus privacy rights. I will also discuss whether the National security agency should have or not the right to take U.S citizens digital privacy away in exchange of security. I will also share my opinion on which side I stand and the reasons why I believe so, supported by veridical facts that are known and have been exposed to the light from the United States government. However I will also emphasize the government’s point of view. Last after having both sides perspectives and facts, I will conclude explaining on which side I stand and the reasons why, based on the research that I will provide to the reader throughout the essay. Should the National Security Agency have the right to listen to all digital communications and target all Americans because a matter of â€Å"national security†? In order for the National Security Agency to have complete access to all types of digital communications it w ould need a warrant against all civilians. Therefore if the National Security Agency is really using secret warrants, then it is violating the fourth amendment of the constitution of the United Sates which is the part of the Bill of Rights that prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures, it also requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned. Under the Fourth Amendment, law enforcement must receive written permission from a court of law, or a qualified magistrate, to lawfully search and seize  evidence while investigating criminal activity. Therefore if the national security is using these warrants against all U.S citizens, then all Americans are being considered criminals by the government. The Bush administration passed through the congress a secret warrant to give through the United States Department of Defense full access and authority to the National Security Agency to eavesdrop on all United States citizen digital communications and databases. Now what is the National Security Agency â€Å"NSA†, and what is the function and purpose of this agency? The National Security Agency is the main producer and manager of signals intelligence for the United States. Estimated to be the largest intelligence agency in terms of personnel and budget, the NSA operates under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense and reports to the Director of National Intelligence who is Keith Alexander. The National Security Agency is home to America’s code makers and code breakers. The National Security Agency has provided timely information to U.S. decision makers and military leaders for more than half a century. The National Security Agency is unique among the U.S. defense agencies because of the government wide responsibilities. National Security Agency provides products and services to the Department of Defense, the Intelligence Community, government agencies, industry partners, and selected allies. They also deliver critical strategic and tactical information to war planners and war fighters. According to this information that was shared by Keith Alexander in 2009, the National Security Agency clearly has a lot of power, however this power should be used to target potential threats against the U.S citizens, not the U.S citizens. In the past year, the NSA has repeatedly denied that it is collecting data on U.S. citizens. In March 2012, NSA chief Keith Alexander told Congress that his agency doesn’t even have the ability to collect data on Americans. â€Å"The NSA gathers intelligence under Section 702 of the FISA Amendment Act, which allows the NSA to gather data on non-U.S. citizens outside the U.S. It also gathers tens of thousands of â€Å"domestic communications† by and from Americans in its normal gathering of foreign surveillance, according to declassified court finding.† (PBS. 2013). Now we can observe that there is a contradiction in between what the National Security is saying about spying on people, and what many articles are actually saying. However if these accusations from the people are true, how can we be sure and support them  since the National Security Agency is a classified agency that will never disclose this information with the civilians? A former contractor from the National security agency Edward Snowden gave away his liberty and his salary, which was above two hundred thousand dollars a year. Just to tell the world through The Guardian that the National Security Agency was violating the fourth amendment and spying all digital communications and targeting all civilians as high risk targets against the United States. Snowden said he just wanted the public to know what the government was doing. â€Å"Even if you’re not doing anything wrong you’re being watched and recorded,† (CNN. 2013). Snowden told The Guardian newspaper in the United Kingdom that he had access to the full rosters of everyone working at the NSA, the entire intelligence community, and undercover assets around the world. â€Å"I’m just another guy who sits there day to day in the office, watching what’s happening, and goes, ‘This is something that’s not our place to decide.’ The public needs to decide whether these programs or policies are right or wrong,† (The Guardian. 2013). When Edward Snowden issue happened and turned the people’s trust and faith against the government, the people started wondering and researching what were the methods that the government was using to target and spy all digital communications. PRISM, for example, is a clandestine mass electronic surveillance known to have been operated by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) since 2007. The Prism program collects stored Internet communications based on demands made to Internet companies such as Google Inc. The Apple Company just officially announced another source that helps the National Security Agency with data and information, when the iPhone 5s came out they announced that they would be sharing their database with National Security Agency. â€Å"Tim Richardson, District Manager of Apple’s North America Marketing Department admits about the sharing of Database with NSA, he said to Jane M. Agni† (Hackersnewsbulletin. 2013). The National Security Agency has been compiling a special database for over a year now to use with the new Apple technology. This clearly says that through the National Security Agency the government has an extremely high interest on listing and monitoring all communications of civilians. Of course people don’t find this acceptable, neither they can believe anything that leaders from the  government say. Civilians now think that when our leaders like the National Security Agency say nobody is listening to your phone calls, after the facts of the whistleblower, it actually means that all phone calls and digital communications are being intercepted, recorded and saved, then converted to text via a computer software which is PRISM. Prism then converted the txt into a metadata that gets analyzed by a computer algorithm and searched by National Security contractors. The contractors can listen to both recorded and live calls, as well as read emails, chats, financial histories, and then get the secret court rubber-stamp for the secret warrant, which is completely against the fourth amendment. However, the government is completely aware that this is a total violation of the fourth amendment, so they classified it as a matter of national security because they know if Americans realized what they are actually doing they will be upset and take action against it. Even if they spent billions of dollars trying to hide it, at some point the will truth come out. And president Obama said the same thing in 2008, but it seems that he didn’t take his own advice, that he gave to his administration in his first speech as president. Eventually the truth came out even that rumors of these violations were going around Edward Snowden made it official and this created many protests against the government. One of the main groups that took action against it is t he Anonymous group, who are an anonymous group of hackers from all around the world who work together against the government. Their weapon against the government is data information, they hack into classified networks and then they share the information they obtain with everyone. Their emblem is, â€Å"Knowledge is free, we are anonymous, we are a legion, we don’t forgive, we don’t forget, expect us.† If a government cannot be clear and not show their people what they want, then the civilians will stand up against the government and that is what the anonymous group is doing. For example, they are having a march on Washington D.C, and they are expecting 5 million people to show up to show the government how they feel about their acts and violations. If they don’t stop denying what has been clearly shown and proved by people from inside the government the people of the United States will take into consideration other options to change the government and its way of doing things without a permission of consent of the civilians. If we look back to history, every time there has been a revolution it is because  the people were tired of an oppressing government and they took action against it, but at the same time Americans are not focused on what is really happening in the government. They are too focused into what the media is feeding them which is another of the government’s methods to keep people distracted from the violations they are doing, and this is what all these anonymous type of groups are doing, which is to try to wake people up to the reality of all the rights we are losing because of a matter of national security. Internet References ACLU. (2013). â€Å"ACLU sues NSA for massive spying program† American civil liberties of union. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/secure/aclu-sues-nsa-massive-spying-program-stand-us CNN. (2013). â€Å"Man behind NSA says he did it to safeguard privacy, liberty. CNN Politics. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/10/politics/edward-snowden-profile/index.html Electric Frontier Foundation. (2013). â€Å"NSA spying on Americans†. Defending your rights in the digital world 2014. Retrieved from https://www.eff.org/nsa-spying Parks, Alika. (2013) â€Å"NSA wiretapping. â€Å"Government agencies foster unfair economic advantages†. The Huffington Post. September 9 2013. PBS. (2013) â€Å"NSA ability to intercept domestic communications raises more privacy questions† PBS Newshour. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/government_programs/july-dec13/nsa_08-21.html National Security Agency. (2009). Freedom of Information act. Retrieved from http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/foia/index.shtml The Guardian. (2013) â€Å"Latest on the computer analyst whistleblower who provided theGuardian with top-secret NSA documents leading to revelations about US surveillanceon phone and internet communications†. The NSA Files. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/edward-snowden Hackers News bulletin. (2013) â€Å" Apple admits, iPhone 5s finger print database to be shared with NSA†.HN Bulletin News. Retrieved from http://hackersnewsbulletin.com/2013/09/apple-admits-iphone-5s-fingerprint-database-shared-nsa.html

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

History of the 1976 Olympics in Montreal

History of the 1976 Olympics in Montreal The 1976 Olympic Games were marred by boycotts and drug allegations. Before the Olympic Games, New Zealands rugby team toured South Africa (still mired in apartheid) and played against them. Because of this, much of the rest of Africa threatened the IOC to ban New Zealand from the Olympic Games or they would boycott the Games. Since the IOC had no control over the playing of rugby, the IOC tried to persuade the Africans not to use the Olympics as retaliation. In the end, 26 African countries boycotted the Games. Also, Taiwan was excluded from the Games when Canada would not recognize them as the Republic of China. Drug Allegations The drug allegations were rampant at these Olympics. Though most of the allegations were not proven, many athletes, especially the East German women swimmers, were accused of using anabolic steroids. When Shirley Babashoff (United States) accused her rivals of using anabolic steroids because of their big muscles and deep voices, an official from the East German team responded: They came to swim, not to sing. Financial Implications The Games were also a financial disaster for Quebec. Since Quebec built, and built, and built for the Games, they spent the enormous figure of $2 billion, placing them in debt for decades. On a more positive note, these Olympic Games saw the rise of the Romanian gymnast Nadia Comaneci who won three gold medals. Approximately 6,000 athletes participated, representing 88 countries. Source Allen Guttmann, The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games. (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992) 146.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

The top 5 retail jobs for 2018

The top 5 retail jobs for 2018 If you’re thinking about working in retail, it can be a great choice with lots of different ways to achieve your goals. Retail is one of the most versatile industries, with a constant, churning demand to meet ever-growing sales and customer needs. It’s also an industry where you can start laying out a career path that takes you up through the management level, or get that â€Å"right now† job while you figure out what your longer-term career plans are. It’s also a field that’s growing and diversifying quickly due to changes in technology and e-commerce, making it a broader field than ever before. Let’s look at some of the fastest-growing job opportunities in retail for the new year.1. Sales AssociateThink of this job as â€Å"retail classic,† especially if you’re just starting out. Sales associates are basically the boots on the ground in the retail industry, working out on the floor in brick-and-mortar stores to make sure that shelves are stocked, customers are being helped, sales are being made, and operations are running smoothly. It’s typically an hourly job, worked in shifts set by the store’s management. Working as a sales associate can mean working nights, weekends, and holidays, depending on the type of store.Working as a retail sales associate can be a major experience-builder, especially if you’re thinking about branching out into a more advanced career in the retail field.What you’ll need: There’s no official education level needed to become a sales associate, but some companies prefer high school graduates (or equivalent). Sales associates should have good organizational skills, trustworthiness, solid math skills, and excellent customer service skills- not to mention the patience it takes to help customers of all kinds. Most stores provide on-the-job training for new employees.How much they make: According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), sales as sociates make a median annual salary of $22,900 per year, or $11.01 per hour. This can vary depending on experience and seniority.For more on how to snag retail associate jobs:6 Job Skills You Need to Be a Sales AssociateHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)2. Retail ManagerIf you’ve got some retail experience under your belt already, 2018 is a great time to start thinking about moving up into the managerial level. Retail managers are often responsible for managing teams of associates, or an entire store. Their day-to-day responsibilities may include scheduling staff, interviewing and hiring new staff, training employees, overseeing daily operations, monitoring sales and transactions, providing customer service as necessary, overseeing stocking and inventory, and opening and closing the store. Managers are also ambassadors for the store’s branding and corporate interests as well, making sure the store and the staff are operating within compa ny policies and working toward company goals.It’s a leadership job that requires a good deal of maturity and responsibility, particularly when it comes to handling store finances and making personnel decisions.What you’ll need: A high school diploma (or equivalent) at a minimum, and experience working in retail. Many stores hire and promote from within. Strong customer service skills are a must, but administrative skills are essential too, particularly organization, accounting, and both written and verbal communication.How much they make: According to PayScale.com, retail store managers make a median annual salary of $45,191, or $14.56 per hour.For more on how to snag retail management jobs:How to write a retail management resume (with examples)Retail Management: Your complete guide to starting your career3. Customer Service RepresentativeSometimes called â€Å"customer care† or â€Å"customer success† associates, these retail professionals are responsibl e for making sure customers are informed and happy with their purchases. In a brick-and-mortar store, that might mean manning a desk that handles returns and customer questions or issues. Otherwise, customer service associates may work remotely in call centers, fielding calls, emails, social media queries, or other types of outreach from customers. Customer service associates may be responsible for troubleshooting orders or shipment issues, processing returns or refunds, giving customers information about their product or the store, or providing technical support. In a world where customer feedback can be swift and harsh on social media, customer service professionals need to be more proactive and helpful than ever. It’s also a field that grows immensely, as the retail experience continues to expand from traditional stores to digital storefronts.What you’ll need: A high school diploma (or equivalent) at a minimum and stellar customer service skills. Customer service as sociates are often the ones dealing with irate or unhappy customers, so strong people skills are a crucial part of the job. Customer service associates should also be tech-savvy, since they may be working with customers in a variety of different communication formats, from multi-line phones to computer chat apps.How much they make: According to the BLS, customer service representatives make a median annual salary of $32,300 per year, or $15.53 per hour.For more on how to snag customer service jobs:Develop a solid career in customer serviceTop 10 Skills You Need for a Career in Customer ServiceYour Complete Guide to the Best Customer Service JobsThe top 12 hottest customer service jobs4. Online MerchandiserThis is a job that takes advantage of the e-commerce boom. Rather than working in a traditional store, you’d be working within a digital storefront to make sure that products are organized and displayed in a way to maximize ease and appeal to a customer. In a brick-and-morta r store, this job would mean organizing displays for maximum eye-catching and attention. In an online store, this role includes ensuring that product pages are organized in a logical, easy-to-read way; maximizing SEO and keyword searches to ensure that products are showing up in customer searches; and ensuring that product descriptions and necessary information are complete and readily available. Merchandisers may also coordinate sales and promotions, ensuring that customers are aware of the sales and that there is clear information on the site.What you’ll need: A high school diploma (or equivalent) at a minimum, though many companies prefer further education in business or merchandising. Data analysis skills are also a key element of the job, as you’d be making sure that the site’s offerings line up with customer needs and behavior.How much they make: According to PayScale.com, online merchandisers make a median annual salary of $56,839.For more on how to snag merchandising jobs:Top Opportunities in the Online Retail Revolution5. Warehouse AssociateTagged by Forbes as earning one of the fastest-growing salaries, warehouse associates are another job that is fueled by the up-and-up-and-up growth in the e-commerce sector. The goods that people are ordering online have to live somewhere before they’re shipped, and warehouse associates are the ones receiving, processing, tracking, and shipping these products behind the scenes.Warehouse associates are typically responsible for tracking inventory, getting shipments ready to go out, processing incoming and outgoing shipments, and moving merchandise from one place to another. It’s a very hands-on kind of job- think forklift, not cubicle. It also may not be a 9-to-5 kind of gig, given the need to ship products fast after a purchase is made. Warehouse work often includes shifts at odd hours, as well as on weekends and holidays to make sure that orders are going out on schedule. If youà ¢â‚¬â„¢re interested in a job that can prepare you for a career in logistics as well as retail, this is a great place to start.What you’ll need: Most companies require a high school diploma (or equivalent). You’ll also need to be in good physical shape, with the stamina to work on your feet and lift heavy objects.How much they make: According to PayScale.com, warehouse associates make a median annual salary of $31,311, or $12.69 per hour.For more on how to snag warehouse associate jobs:6 top retail jobs this holiday season and how to get themTop Opportunities in the Online Retail RevolutionIf you want to work in a versatile, ever-developing field, it’s hard to go wrong with retail. It’s not always an easy job (what job working with the public is ever easy?), but if you’ve got a knack for customer service and an interest in business, it’s a field that will continue to grow in 2018.