Frito Lay Company Essay

Let’s look at how the potato chip came to be. In 1853 the first potato chip was invented by a chef at the Saratoga Springs New York resort in 1853. It was created because one of the customers at the resort keep sending them back because they were too thick, soggy and had no taste to it. Crum then decided to fry them and sprinkled them with salt for taste. They were soon a regular item on the menu. Later, around the 1920’s they then moved from restaurants to being massed produced. Once they came up with a way to keep them fresh and from breaking up, they were able to put them into mass production 1920‘s. Frito Lay was created in 1938 by Herman Lay. Frito Lay is one of the leading potato chip companies in the United States for many years. They continue to post recording breaking numbers in all of their brands. One of their enduring brands is the Lays potato chips. These potato chips can be found in many different flavors. The currently are barbecue, sour cream and onion, ranch and many others. However, this industry is highly competitive and there are large manufactures that have many types of products and other snacks. Smaller companies have found a way to compete with the larger companies. These small companies have gained footing by introducing the new healthier chips that are now being sold in health food stores. A lot of concern about the Salt content is what enable smaller companies to compete. They focused on these healthier brands and have introduced a product that is totally opposite of the major brands. Lays has also added Dips to their brand. They currently consist of Ranch, French onion and etc. This was created because dip is consistently served with potato chips at events such as birthday parties, foot ball parties, luncheons and etc. Frito Lay Extended Enterprise Supply Chain Farm Manufacturer Warehouse/ Retailer Consumer Distributor When it comes to potato chips, the industries in the extended supply are few. The first industry is the farm where the potato chip comes from. They are currently located in cities like North Dakota, New England, Florida, Michigan, Texas and California and etc. They are also located in Central and South America, Brazil, Europe, in Leicester and Coventry England, Asia, Middle East & Africa and India. These farms have been picked for their potatoes that will be used in the making of the potato chip. Because a potato is something you can grow yourself, it is very easy to make potato chips. However, these potatoes are planted and treated with the utmost of care to produce a high quality product. The potatoes are grown and harvested and then they are shipped to a Frito-Lay plant. When they arrived the first thing they do is wash them. They are then peeled with the utmost care. Next they are then cut into slices and then rinsed again to remove particles produced from the cutting. They are then cooked in oils such as sunflower, canola and corn oil. These are very important because they are considered all-natural oils. They contain 0g trans fat and are considered lower in saturated fats. Once dried, they are then sprinkled with salt for taste. Because creating these potato chips is so simple they can be created in less than a day. Once they are packaged, they are then sent out to distributions centers worldwide. This is where the products are stored and then loaded on to trucks and then taken out to stores, gas stations, vending machines and etc. Frito lay currently markets to a wide variety of consumers. One consumer is high school teens and college age students. They have many different places where they consume the product. One of the ways in which they consume the product is in sports and entertainment areas such as movie theaters or sports stadiums. Another place it is being consumed is in the home. Frito Lay has focused on the snack side for many years. These are the type of people who would eat these snacks and did not care about their weight or being healthy. But recently, Frito Lay has changed to targeting more healthy consumers also. With the way the world is changing constantly, Frito-lay is always trying to keep up by targeting with the ever changing times. Because so many people are becoming health conscious, Frito-lay as also targeted this audience. They have come up with some products that allow the consumer to also focus on their health and physical appearance. In order for Frito-lay to stay competitive, it is apparent that they have to target this demographic also because in the recent years some of their snacks have been losing sales. Another of their target audience is the Hispanic market. Hispanic market are targeted because the chips can sometime be the meal or a side dish to the meal. Also this demographic is constantly growing in numbers and have become an important and influential part of society. Frito-Lay’s wholesale and distribution consumers are also a major business. They are the resellers such as retailers and wholesaler who buy Frito-Lay’s finished goods and resell them for a profit. Frito Lay also sells directly to large retailers and retail chains and through wholesalers to smaller retail units. Frito- Lays itself also targets big business customers of other companies. Lay’s identify prospective buyers, monitor current customers’ needs and levels of satisfactions, and personally attend to existing customers. Essentially, Frito lay’s target consumer consists of everyone. It consists of Frito-Lay constantly changing their product to keep up with the changing taste of the consumer. In getting the product to the consumer, Frito-Lay has experienced bottlenecks. This is usually seen with the individuals who deliver the product to the shelves. They are the individuals who places the product on the shelves for the consumer to buy. Obviously this is a very important part of getting the product to the consumer. Frito-lay found that the sales portions was hindering the driver getting the product to the stores on time. Therefore, they separated the two which helped tremendously. Conclusion: Frito-Lay’s new product development, advertising, and marketing efforts continues to help them to grow in the salty snack market. Frito-Lay’s measures economic activity which aids them in improving their organization. Their industrial production and manufacturing production had made them the leading snack food organization in the world. Frito-Lay continues to try and have an enormous amount of knowledge at its fingertips. It continues to ascertain seasonal local demand of each of its products and exactly how much inventory each store has at any time. By keeping track of this information, it helps to better plan seasonal and local promotions. By knowing specific inventory at each store, Frito-Lay could better plan and improve its routing and inventory systems. References: Çetinkaya, S., ÃÅ"ster, H., Easwaran, G., & Keskin, B. (2009). An Integrated Outbound Logistics Model for Frito-Lay: Coordinating Aggregate-Level Production and Distribution Decisions. Interfaces, 39(5), 460-475. Feld, C. S. (1990). Directed decentralization: the Frito Lay story. Financial Executive, 6(6), 22-25. â€Å"Frito-Lay History†. Frito-Lay North America, Inc.. Retrieved 4 January 2013 @ www.fritolay.com Jacobson, G. (1989). How Frito-Lay Stays in the Chips. Management Review, 78(12), 11.

Series Circuit

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Series circuits Summary All circuits have three common attributes. These are: 1. A source of voltage. 2. A load. 3. A complete path. VS + R3 R1 R2 Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Series circuits Summary A series circuit is one that has only one current path. R1 R1 R2 R3 VS R3 R2 VS R1 R2 R3 VS Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary Series circuit rule for current:Because there is only one path, the current everywhere is the same. For example, the reading on the first ammeter is 2. 0 mA, What do the other meters read? + 2. 0 mA _ VS _ R1 + 2. 0 mA _ R2 2. 0 mA + _ 2. 0 mA +  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd Chapter 4 Series circuits Summary The total resistance of resistors in series is the sum of the individual resi stors. For example, the resistors in a series circuit are 680 ? , 1. 5 k? , and 2. 2 k?. What is the total resistance? R1 VS 12 V 680 ? R2 1. 5 k? 4. 38 k? R3 2. 2 k?Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Series circuit Summary VS 12 V R1 680 ? R2 1. 5 k? R3 2. 2 k? Tabulating current, resistance, voltage and power is a useful way to summarize parameters in a series circuit. Continuing with the previous example, complete the parameters listed in the Table. I1= 2. 74 mA I2= 2. 74 mA I3= 2. 74 mA IT= 2. 74 mA R1= 0. 68 k? R2= 1. 50 k? R3= 2. 20 k? RT= 4. 38 k? V1= 1. 86 V V2= 4. 11 V V3= 6. 03 V VS= 12 V P1= 5. 1 mW P2= 11. 3 mW P3= 16. 5 mW PT= 32. 9 mW  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-HallElectric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd Chapter 4 Summary Kirchhoff’s voltage law Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) is generally stated as: The sum of all the voltage drops around a single closed path in a circuit is equal to the total source voltage in that closed path. KVL applies to all circuits, but you must apply it to only one closed path. In a series circuit, this is (of course) the entire circuit. Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary VS 12 V R1 680 ? R2 1. 5 k? Kirchhoff’s voltage law R3 2. 2 k?Notice in the series example given earlier that the sum of the resistor voltages is equal to the source voltage. I1= 2. 74 mA I2= 2. 74 mA I3= 2. 74 mA IT= 2. 74 mA R1= 0. 68 k? R2= 1. 50 k? R3= 2. 20 k? RT= 4. 38 k? V1= 1. 86 V P1= 5. 1 mW V2= 4. 11 V P2= 11. 3 mW V3= 6. 03 V P3= 16. 5 mW VS= 12 V PT= 32. 9 mW  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd Chapter 4 Summary Voltage divider rule The voltage drop across any given resistor in a series circuit is equal to the ratio of that resistor to the total resistance, multiplied by source voltage.VS Assume R1 is twice the size of R2. What is the voltage across R1? 8 V 12 V R1 R2 Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Voltage divider Summary R1 15 k? VS + 20 V R2 10 k? What is the voltage across R2? The total resistance is 25 k?. Applying the voltage divider formula: ? R2 V2 = ? ? RT ? ? 10 k? ? ? VS = ? ? 20 V = 8. 0 V ? 25 k? ? ? Notice that 40% of the source voltage is across R2, which represents 40% of the total resistance. Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4Voltage divider Summary Voltage dividers can be set up for a variable output using a potentiometer. In the circuit shown, the output voltage is variable. VS + 15 V R1 20 k? R2 10 k? What is the largest output voltage available? 5. 0 V VOUT Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary R1 470 ? VS + 20 V R2 330 ? Power in Series Circuits Use the voltage divider rule to find V1 and V2. Then find the power in R1 and R2 and PT. Applyin g the voltage divider rule: ? 470 ? ? V1 = ? ? 20 V = 11. 75 V ? 800 ? ? ? 330 ? V2 = ? ? 20 V = 8. 25 V ? 800 ? ? The power dissipated by each resistor is: P= 1 (11. 75 V ) 2 470 ? 2 ( 8. 25 V ) = 0. 21 W P2 = 330 ? = 0. 29 W } PT = 0. 5 W Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary A VS + 12 V R1 5. 0 k? B R2 10 k? C Voltage measurements Voltage is relative and is measured with respect to another point in the circuit. Voltages that are given with respect to ground are shown with a single subscript. For example, VA means the voltage at point A with respect to ground (called reference ground).VB means the voltage at point B with respect to ground. VAB means the voltage between points A and B. What are VA, VB, and VAB for the circuit shown? VA = 12 V VB = 8 V VAB = 4 V Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Summary A R1 5. 0 k? B R2 10 k? C Voltage measurements Ground reference is not always at the lowest point in a circuit. Assume the ground is moved to B as shown. VS + 12 V What are VA, VB, and VC for the circuit? VA = 4 V VB = 0 V VC = ? 8 V Has VAB changed from the previous circuit?No, it is still 4 V Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Selected Key Terms Series In an electric circuit, a relationship of components in which the components are connected such that they provide a single path between two points. Kirchhoff’s A law stating that (1) the sum of the voltage voltage law drops around a closed loop equals the source voltage in that loop or (2) the algebraic sum of all of the voltages (drops and source) is zero. Voltage divider A circuit consisting of series resistors across which one or more output voltages are taken.Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall Chapter 4 Reference ground Selected Key Terms The metal chassis that houses the assembly or a la rge conductive area on a printed circuit board is used as a common or reference point; also called common. A circuit condition in which the current path is broken. A circuit condition in which there is zero or an abnormally low resistance between two points; usually an inadvertent condition. Open Short Electric Circuits Fundamentals – Floyd  © Copyright 2007 Prentice-Hall

List of All U.S. Colleges to Offer a Health Policy and Administration Major

Health policy and administration is a major that blends elements from many different fields. In general, it includes elements of the health sciences, business administration, and liberal arts. Students with a degree in health policy and administration are prepared to work in healthcare without being a direct caregiver. While health policy and administration may seem like an obscure major to students who haven’t heard of it before, it is actually a very common offering at large universities, state schools, and tech institutes. If it sounds like something you may be interested in pursuing, don’t miss the rest of this post where we discuss how to get into a health policy and administration program and exactly where you can these programs on offer. Health policy and administration is a growing field due to the expansion of private healthcare facilities and an increase in the aging population. As the need for quality and affordable short and long-term care facilities grow, so too does the need for people to manage them. Students who major in health policy and administration don’t just manage healthcare facilities, though. They also become health analysts, healthcare program administrators, and candidates for higher degrees in health law or public health. Health policy is a secure and often lucrative field. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that in 2018, the median salary for a health service manager was $99,730. The same report also projected jobs in this field to increase 20% by 2026, a rate nearly three times the national average for all occupations. Health policy and administration is really a combination of many fields, so developing a well-rounded application that highlights a few specific traits and skills will be your best bet. To get on the right track, you should think about the following tips. Take a Well-Rounded Course Load with Some Challenging Classes. Because this field isn’t highly specialized, you’ll need to show your academic skills across all subject areas. Take the hardest classes that you’re capable of succeeding in and be sure to enroll in some AP classes if possible. AP Statistics or AP Macroeconomics would be particularly helpful classes, and doing well in them might even mean placing out of lower level prerequisites in the health policy and administration program. Get Involved in Healthcare or Service Extracurriculars. You can use extracurriculars as a way to reinforce your interest in the field of health policy by pursuing activities that involve healthcare or service to the community. Getting an internship or job at a care facility or volunteering at local food banks are smart choices to highlight your dedication to giving back. Build a Strong Admissions Team. Getting ready for college applications is a process, and it’s one that you shouldn’t go through alone. You should build a supportive and experienced team to help you out along the way. You may want to consider a program like the Early Advising Program , which pairs high school ninth and tenth graders with successful students at top-30 schools to provide current high schoolers with advice on everything from selecting classes and extracurriculars to setting and achieving long-term goals. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. American International College | AIC Austin Peay State University | APSU C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University | LIU Post California Baptist University | CBU California State University Channel Islands | CSU Channel Islands California State University, Dominguez Hills | CSUDH California State University, East Bay | CSU East Bay California State University, Fresno | CSU Fresno California State University, Fullerton | CSU Fullerton California State University, Long Beach | Long Beach State California State University, Sacramento | Sacramento State Central Christian College of Kansas Central Washington University | CWU Charleston Southern University | CSU Coastal Carolina University | Coastal Concordia University Wisconsin | CUW Delaware State University | Del State East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania | ESU Eastern Florida State College | EFSC Eastern Washington University | EWU Farmingdale State College | SUNY Farmingdale Fayetteville State University | FSU Florida State College at Jacksonville | FSCJ Grand Valley State University | GVSU Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis | IUPUI Indiana University Kokomo | IU Kokomo Indiana University of Pennsylvania | IUP Indiana University Southeast | IU Southeast Lake Washington Institute of Technology | LWTech Lincoln College of New England | LCNE Louisiana Tech University | La. Tech Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences | MCPHS Metropolitan State University of Denver | MSU Denver Middle Tennessee State University | MTSU Millersville University of Pennsylvania | MU Minnesota State University Moorhead | MSUM Montana State University–Northern | MSU–Northern New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology | New Mexico Tech North Carolina State University | NC State Northeastern State University | NSU Northwest Florida State College | NWFSC Oklahoma State University–Oklahoma City | OSU–OKC Pennsylvania College of Technology | Penn Tech Pennsylvania State University | PSU Robert Morris University | RMU (Pennsylvania) Rutgers University–New Brunswick | Rutgers Saginaw Valley State University | SVSU Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College | SMWC Sam Houston State University | SHSU Southeast Missouri State University | SEMO Southern Connecticut State University | SCSU Southern Illinois University Carbondale | SIU Southern New Hampshire University | SNHU Southern University at New Orleans | SUNO Southwest Minnesota State University | SMSU Southwestern Oklahoma State University | SWOSU St. Joseph’s College (New York) | SJC State University of New York at Canton | SUNY Canton State University of New York at Cortland | SUNY Cortland State University of New York at Delhi | SUNY Delhi State University of New York at Old Westbury | SUNY Old Westbury State University of New York at Potsdam | SUNY Potsdam Tennessee Wesleyan University | TWU The College at Brockport, State University of New York | SUNY Brockport The State University of New York at Buffalo | SUNY Buffalo The State University of New York Polytechnic Institute | SUNY Poly University of California, Berkeley | UC Berkeley University of California, Irvine | UC Irvine University of California, Merced | UC Merced University of California, Riverside | UC Riverside University of California, San Diego | UCSD University of Central Florida | UCF University of Colorado Denver | CU Denver University of Hawaii at Hilo | UH Hilo University of Hawaii at Manoa | UH Manoa University of Hawaii–West Oahu | UHWO University of Houston–Downtown | UHD University of Illinois at Chicago | UIC University of Louisiana at Lafayette | UL Lafayette University of Louisiana at Monroe | ULM University of Maine at Farmington | UMF University of Mary Hardin–Baylor | UMHB University of Maryland University College | UMUC University of Maryland, Baltimore County | UMBC University of Maryland, College Park | Maryland University of Massachusetts Amherst | UMass Amherst University of Michigan–Dearborn | UM-D University of Michigan–Flint | UofM-Flint University of Minnesota Crookston | UMC University of Minnesota, Twin Cities | Minnesota University of Mississippi | Ole Miss University of Missouri–Kansas City | UMKC University of Nebraska–Lincoln | UNL University of Nevada, Las Vegas | UNLV University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | UNC University of North Carolina at Charlotte | UNC Charlotte University of North Carolina at Wilmington | UNC Wilmington University of Northwestern Ohio | UNOH University of South Carolina Beaufort | USCB University of South Carolina Upstate | USC Upstate University of South Florida St. Petersburg | USFSP University of Southern Indiana | USI University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) University of Texas at Austin | UT Austin University of Texas at El Paso | UTEP University of Texas at San Antonio | UTSA University of Wisconsin–Green Bay | UW–Green Bay University of Wisconsin–La Crosse | UW–La Crosse University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee | UWM Washington University in St. Louis | WashU With so many options to choose from, creating your final college list may seem a little intimidating. Start by considering your personal priorities. Think about things like location, class size, campus resources, and cost to help narrow down the field. Then look at admissions statistics and the incoming class profile to consider how your test scores and GPA stack up. For more help, consider the Applications program , which exists to help you optimize your application and ensure that you’re supported through every step of the way. You can trust us to help you gain the tools you’ll need to attend your dream school. What Does it Cost to Attend Carleton College? There are many factors that go into choosing a college, including majors offered, location, campus life, and quality of education (to name just a few). However, there is one factor that seems to loom above the rest: price. When comparing the published prices of colleges, the enormity of your decision quickly becomes apparent. While the list price of a top-notch institution such as Carleton College can be a shock, the truth is that most students do not pay that price.When comparing colleges, students are better served by looking at the net cost as opposed to the list price. Net cost provides a more accurate representation of the real cost of college, as it factors in government aid (federal, state, and local), financial aid, and merit scholarships—these are all subtracted from a college’s list price. Keep reading to learn more about the real cost of attending Carleton College, as well as to gain insight into other financial factors affecting Carleton students. The list price of tuition, room, and board at Carleton College is $66,490 for both in- and out-of-state students. The majority of students will not pay full price, however, when all is said and done. The average student paying full price at Carleton comes from a family with an income greater than $175,000 a year, or is not in the top 30% of the accepted class. The average cost of Carleton College for a student who doesn’t qualify for financial aid is $66,371—roughly the published price. The average student attending Carleton pays approximately $10,000 less than list price, as the average net cost with financial aid is $55,719. The amount of financial aid varies by student, with the student’s family income being a determining factor. Below is the average cost of Carleton College based on family income: Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. Merit aid is a scholarship given to students for accomplishments both in and out of the classroom. Merit aid net price is the published price of college minus any awarded merit scholarships. 6.3% of students at Carleton College without the need for financial aid receive merit aid, with the average amount being $119. Out of a pool of over 1,000 schools, Carleton College ranked 896th in merit aid generosity, according to our research. Many students in the U.S. take out student loans to pay for college, and students at Carleton are no exception. 70% of matriculated students have a student loan with the average federal student loan per undergraduate student being $2,885 across all four years. As you would expect from an excellent institution like Carleton College, the graduation rate is high—91% of students graduate within six years. Carleton also returns on the time and money invested there, as the average salary of a student 10 years after graduation is $54,200. Northfield, Minnesota, home of Carleton College, has a cost of living index of 111.8—making it 11.8% more expensive than both the average city in Minnesota (106.3), as well as the country as a whole (100). Carleton College believes students are members of a community, and being on campus is important to foster that community. Because of this, 96% of students live on campus . Each year, a limited number of seniors—the number varies depending on the college’s occupancy—are allowed to take the â€Å" Northfield Option † and live off campus. Students taking the Northfield Option will find the average cost of a one-bedroom apartment is $780 a month, while two bedrooms go for $990. Students should be prepared for some fluctuation in these prices due to factors such as apartment size, condition, and proximity to campus. The minimum wage in Minnesota is $9.86 an hour, but students can expect to make more than this at a part-time job in one of Northfield’s thriving restaurants. The average server in Northfield earns $11.86 an hour while bartenders earn $11.65 per hour. One way to help cover the expense of attending Carleton College is by participating in their community-based work program —Carleton’s version of a work-study program. Building a bridge between the local community and the college, students participating in the community-based work program are given off-campus jobs in the interest of the community. Northfield students can also participate in the Northfield Reads and Counts Program . In this program, qualifying federal work-study students give one-on-one support to Northfield public school students in need of extra. Students in search of a simple part-time job will find that the vibrant downtown offers numerous retail and restaurant positions. Part-time jobs are an excellent way for students to pay for the day-to-day expenses they incur and help prevent accruing extra debt while pursuing their degree. College is a big expense—costing a lot of time and money—but our College Application Program can help you save both. Work one-on-one with one of our advisors to find out your odds of being accepted into Carleton College and get help managing the numerous deadlines and to-dos of the application process. Our College Application Program also gains you access to our Finances Tool, allowing you to get a clear idea of the cost of college and develop a sound strategy for covering the bill.

Criminal Activity and Education in The UK Statistics Project

Criminal Activity and Education in The UK - Statistics Project Example From the essay it is clear that that tougher prison sentences reduce crime, particularly burglary. According to the Guardian, research suggests an increase in sentence length for serious offenders can cut burglaries. A research paper on Male unemployment and crimes in England and Wales by Carmichael & Ward indicated that there is a systematic positive relationship between most crime and male unemployment regardless of age. Their results indicated that both the youth and adult male unemployment rates are consistently and significantly positively related to burglary, theft, fraud and forgery and total crime. According to Machin, Marie & Vujić, crime is significantly related to education, especially in the case of property crimes. They find that criminal activity is negatively associated with higher levels of education. Machin, et al research suggests that improving education can yield significant social benefits and can be a key policy tool in the drive to reduce crime. There are m any diagrams in the report which shows that the correlation coefficient value of -0.011 indicates no linear relationship between burglary rate and % of crimes solved. The correlation coefficient value of -0.149 indicates very weak negative linear relationship between burglary rate and average sentence length. The correlation coefficient value of 0.599 indicates strong positive linear relationship between burglary rate and male unemployment rate.

Environmental policies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Environmental policies - Research Paper Example As a result of the popularity of this issue, there have been key debates on whether the challenge it posses is dangerous for the world with another side dismissing global warming as an affair that is dangerous and does not exist although the two sides identify the importance of protecting the levels of greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere. This essay focuses on the challenging issue of global warming. The essay will provide a brief definition of global warming and engage in a discussion of global warming and especially on its key definitional aspect of climate change. Thereafter, the essay identifies the reasons that contribute to the aspect of climate change while identifying the main cause of climate change, which is the greenhouse gases emission. The essay will also identify the main responses to climate change and in particular, the main issues of adaptation to climate change and mitigation processes. Before engaging on any discussion on global warming, it is essential to und erstand what global warming means. By its very name, global warming is the increasing temperatures in the atmosphere of the earth and in oceans. It is important to differentiate between the weather and the climate of the world. In this case, the weather in a particular area includes temperatures, the amount of rainfall experienced in a place, the cloud cover, and the wind speed experienced in the place. On the other hand, the climate of a region or a place is quantified by finding the average of the weather in the place (Fern, 2009). Hence, the weather of a place could be defined as dry and hot, cool and wet, or even cool and dry while the weather could be sunny, rainy, windy, or any other type of weather. It is evident that the weather of a region could change anytime. This implies that the climate of a region could also change, which explains the phenomenon the world currently experiences in relationship to global warming as the world becomes hotter and hotter each day. Evidence o f Climate Change The last two decades have remarkably been characterized by the changes in the climate of the world. In this case, the 1980s and 1990s were noted as very warm years and this was the beginning of the issue of global warming since this period ushered in the changes in world climate (Houghton, 2004). In these two last decades of the 20th century, climatic records indicate that there have been issues of climate change with the world’s climatic conditions growing hotter and hotter. Case in point, there has been evidence of unusually strong winds in Europe with the early morning of 16 October 1987 experiencing blowing down of â€Å"over fifteen million trees in the southeastern part of England and in its capital of London† (Houghton, 2004, p.2). Most recently, the world has experienced its fair share of disasters resulting from typhoons and hurricanes that have brought devastating effects on the environment with the effects of these challenges felt on the liv elihoods of people and on their lives. Rainfall patterns have also changed, which is part of the climate changes that the world continues to experience. In this case, the world has experienced increasing incidents of strong rains that lead to flooding while other areas have experienced low

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Essay - 13

Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies - Essay Example The operations carried out at America, China, and United Kingdom was very successful. It provides online shopping opportunity to its customers. Its main objective is to provide better life to its customers with the help of the donations in kind. Wal-Mart is managed by Walton family as it is a family owned business. It has around 2.2 million employees across the world. Corporate level mainly deals with framing the mission and vision of the organization and planning accordingly to reach the desired goal. It formulates different strategies which are required for attainment of objectives of the company. The Functional level objectives are derived from that of the corporate level. This level develops coordination between the corporate and business unit level. In this complex environment of the business, the strategies are required to be formulated. This strategy is very well defined as in this level the marketing strategy will be further divided between the sales. The strategy in this level helps in the attainment of functional objectives of the organization (Hoskisson, Hitt and Ireland, 2012). Strategic management is required for the growth of the organization. It helps in the formulation of effective business environment. Business strategy is compared and formulated with the five forces that build competition. The strategic position of the company can be determined by the business level strategy. Wal-Mart adopts competitive advantage by delivering unique product to its customers by providing a standardized product at a lowest competitive price. The company can select any one from the given strategies to gain competitive advantage by delivering uniqueness in the product and lowering down the cost. The retail industry focuses on the cost leadership strategy to sustain in the market and narrowing the competitive scope. When the company provides unique product the customers will be willing to pay a premium for the product. Corporate level refers to the strategy

Equity premium puzzle Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Equity premium puzzle - Assignment Example Financial markets analysis shows those equity premiums puzzle still remain a reality with modifications to the assumed preferences and imperfections in the model of risk aversion. There have been some difficulties in the calibration used in the analysis and existence of a substantial equity premium (Lucas 1429). Equity premium and risk free rate puzzles The value premium states that for possible qualities of the danger repugnance coefficient, the contrast of the needed rate of profit for money markets and the riskless rate of premium is too huge, given the watched minor fluctuation of the development rate of capitalization. This puzzle is resolved in the wider context of an economy with rational expectations once the separable time preference is relaxed to allow adjacent complementarities in consumption. On the other hand, given that a large equity premium implies that investors get a high risk; the standard models of preferences in turn imply that they do not like growth that much. Although treasury bills may offer low returns, individuals forgo the consumption at a sufficiently fast rate as they prefer it safe in order to generate the per capita consumption which is average. The risk free rate puzzle states that although individuals like consumption to be very smooth, and where the risk free rate is very low, they still save enough for the per capita consumption to grow rapidly (Lucas 1430). Equity premium and risk free rate puzzles are robust and are explained peculiarities of an individual behavior and asset market structure. Individuals have preferences which are attached and associated with the standard utility functions applied in macroeconomics. The preferences maximize the expected discounted value of utilities generated by the power utility function. In addition, asset markets are complete, where individuals can have insurance contracts for any emergent unforeseen event in the market. Asset trading also constitutes no cost, taxes and fees in brokerage are assumed to be insignificant for this purpose. Investors either find it highly reluctant for consumption risk or stocks trading, and more costly than trading of bonds. The risk free rate puzzle shows that people save even when the returns are low, with equity puzzle demonstrating why individuals are so averse to the risks associated with stock returns, proving the large gaps in understanding of macroeconomics (Lucas 1434). In an attempt to describe and resolve these puzzles in an economy, some scholars explain that it is useful to review the basics of asset pricing. Applying the famous Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAMP), it assumes a perfect correlation between stock returns and a consumption stream of typical investors. Applying this model in an attempt to resolve the puzzle, financial analysts are allowed to calculate and measure the financial security risk. With the use of CAPM, a security risk can be measured using the covariance of the return with the per capita consumption . The difference in the covariance of the returns and the consumption growth is large. This clearly explains the enigma of the equity premium where in a quantitative sense the stocks are not really riskier in comparison with the treasury bills

Why should we drink alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why should we drink alcohol - Essay Example It makes one feel better after a hard day at office, in the playgrounds, at theatres, in shopping malls and even when standing before the teetotaler. There is nothing specifically that can happen in a neighborhood. Well, if this is the way you have been thinking on consuming liquor and avoiding academic statements, it is fine to the extent that you have been consuming liquor moderately and not more than 3-4 times a week (Who should not drink alcohol). Obviously irrespective of what scientists and doctors say, alcohol is a pleasant drink. Scientists have now veered to the view that drinking is all right as long as it is done within limits and the frequency maintained. There is no point in binge drinking during weekends and staying sober the rest of the week. This does more harm than good according to research conducted on drinking (Alcohol: Our Favourite Drug). However, moderate drinking which consists of consuming two to three drinks has health benefits. It stops heart attacks and improves blood circulation. It does the work of an appetizer inside the human body and it boosts digestion. On the other hand, people say that the benefits of alcohol are highly one sided. There may be some benefits to the heart. But it still leaves the kidneys and liver vulnerable to attacks by alcohol. So in spite of all the benefits discovered to be present in alcohol there is still the nagging doubt if the drink or two you consume every evening could be irreversibly problematic to your precious liver. There is nothing clear about the benefits or disadvantages of alcohol. Nowadays, scientists are quite clear that alcohol is beneficial to the heart. But it is silent when it comes to the kidneys and liver. Hence, we are back to square one where consuming alcohol is concerned. Therefore, the teetotaler is better off as he quietly battles the possibility of heart attacks by means other than alcohol. Thus, the debate

The Sale of Human Organs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Sale of Human Organs - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Legalisation of the sale of human organs may seem absurd and weird to some people based on their own different ideologies. However, to some people, it seems very find and they find no problem with it. This is what has therefore brought a huge controversy on the issue of selling human organs. Satz states that arguments have been raised so far to justify the two sides but it is not clear what stand should prevail. What can be traced from history is that all people find the donation of human organs to be something divine but on the contrary, find the sale of human organs to be a sinful act. In regards to this controversy, there are, however, plenty of arguments to justify the sale of human organs. These arguments, by all means, try to reveal the need and advantage of permitting people to make the sale of their organs in open markets without any questioning or any restriction of any kind at all. As much as most countries may hold their law s on the illegality of selling human organs, the laws have no power at all given the fact that people have the free will to make a sale on their sperms and reproductive eggs. Sperms and reproductive female eggs are parts of a human body too and people are allowed to sell them. Hughes argues that there must be no reason to forbid people from selling other organs of their body like liver and kidney. After all, for any human being to decide to sell their organs, it must be out of their own free will and consent.

Human employes vs Robot employes Research Paper

Human employes vs Robot employes - Research Paper Example The paper tells that using human employees versus robot employees is a controversial subject. As there are several advantages and disadvantages to using both types of employees in the workforce. it is sometimes hard to choose which is actually better for the economy, the society and individuals themselves. The history of robot use for roles that human employees once carried out exists for a period of at least the last two centuries. Humanity has arrived at a whole new level of existence because of the use of robots and their employable functionalities. Even though robot employees have not affected the human employee force to the degree that there are severe job shortages occurring, some experts fear that there may be an upper limit as to how many robot employees the economy can sustainably employ before human labour losses are experienced and people are negatively affected. For more than two centuries the effect that using robotic employees has had on the work force has created a pos itive overall economic benefits to society. Although in theory, jobs that were once performed by humans are now being performed by robots, does not fully reflect the true circumstances of the labour market. What has happened is that jobs that have been transferred to robot employees have now freed the previous labourers from simpler tasks so they can do other jobs, and put a greater focus on the development of new aspects of technology and business. This effect has actually created more jobs due to an increase in the production of new industries, technologies and businesses. The standard of living has risen in many areas in the world. Jobs that were lost in one particular sector or niche were in number replaced by jobs that were able to have been created in other areas. The use of robots as employees has led to an increase in gained employee time for companies to use their workers; to focus on other tasks that have allowed for the development of new aspirations. Since the labour for ce has not been devastated by the use of robots over such a long period of the last two centuries, it is more than likely it will not happen in the near future. The use of robotic employees was first evident in the textile industry around the year 1811. A group of textile workers called the Luddites first proposed the idea to economists that their jobs would be taken over by robotic employees or more simply put, by automated processes. The traditional weaving jobs that they were doing were being taken over by the automated weaving machine. In the 1930’s it was predicted that in a time frame of about one thousand years, the new work week would be approximately 15 hours long. There was expected to be a problem that people would have too much leisure time on their hands rather than having to work long hours. This was proposed by John Maynard Kennedy, however in the future years that have already come and past, this theory has obviously been inaccurate. The world wars did see a d isruption in employment, however post world wars actually proved to be economically expanding. Between the years of 1950 to 1990, again fears arose which were similar to those of the Luddites that again human labour forces would be taken over by robot employees (Rifkin 1995). Companies experienced a large degree of resistance from their employees to preserve their jobs and create contracts that were protective in the event that a job was lost to an automated machine. Smaller companies that were not subject to unions did not have to

Nolans The Dark Night Essay Example for Free

Nolans The Dark Night Essay How does Nolans the dark night use MELCS to good effect and what does this indicate regarding the films genre? Are there any social criticisms present? In this essay I will be explaining the way that different techniques are used, and what these show about the Dark Knight. I will be looking throughout the film at how Nolan uses various effects such as, colour, editing, lighting, camera, and sound. And how these things arent really what you might expect for the typical super hero film, but also how he uses them to subtlety criticize human nature. First of all I will talk about the colour used Nolan uses. Throughout the film the colour scheme always seems to be very dark but as well as this the things that are happening usually contrast this. A good example of this is at one point when the Joker is being questioned, all the lights go out and everything is pitch-black except the jokers white face. This is very effective as it really makes the joker stand out and means you can see every little detail of his face and facial expressions but dont know what else is happening in the room. It therefore creates a whole lot of suspense about whats going to happen next and where its going to come from whilst at the same time letting you see every detail of the jokers face and almost making you really understand what hes thinking. Another point in which this contrast is shown is in Bat-mans hide away place. In there the floor is a dark dull grey/black, and the ceiling is all white lights. This is good because it makes the room seem endless and gives anything in it airs of importance and cleanliness like trophy shelves that are lit from above like the room or a dentist. This is good because in the room he keeps all his high-tech gadgets witch seem incredibly expensive and valuable when they are in the room, but then when Bat-man is using them he acts as though they are something that are disposable. Another way Nolan uses colour is in the costumes. The Joker is an especially good example of this as he wears a purple jacket, green hair, Green top, and bright red giant red lips. This shows us a lot about his character for example, purple stands for royalty and the joker becomes almost like a king by making everyone scared of him. Secondly the green stands for jealousy, and the Joker is very good at making people feel jealous and spiteful about other people. As well as maybe feeling slightly jealous at not being normal, and being unhappy himself. Lastly the joker is just completely crazy, and all his colours clashing certainly do emphasize this. Overall it is a brilliant way of showing his character and showing how different he is to everyone. I mean, youd never miss him would you!? On the other hand the dark knight is completely the opposite of the Joker, and their clothing really shows this. As the knight is completely black it seems to show how he represents reality and order, but the joker stands for everything mad and chaotic as that is what he loves. As for the props Nolan uses, really they are quite simple. Even the high-tech gadgets batman uses all seem possible and there are no out of this world, impossible things. I think this is actually quite a good thing, as it means that it makes the whole play seem more realistic, and like something that could actually happen. Therefore it is all scarier in a slightly surreal way. Next I will look at how Nolan uses editing in the film and what effects this creates. When a lot of action is happening at the same time Nolan uses lots of quick shots of the action quickly cutting from one to the other. This is very clever as you think youre just about to find out whats going to happen when it cuts to the next scene which is also really tense and you want to know whats going to happen there but it goes back to the one before. This creates lots of tension in the film and it is a bit like its flashing from scene to scene like your heart beat getting faster and faster. It also gives the sense of chaos and panic and shows you how every thing is happening at the same time. This is good as it makes you realise how hard it must be for the cops and detectives. Another similar thing he does is when two people and talking to each other about something in which one of them might react in a certain way he will keep cutting from one face to the other as you wait for the reaction to happen. This also creates tension and makes you wonder if they will react the way you think their about or not, then when it does its more of a shock. The lighting in the film is another very important element in the film. I have already explained some of it in the colour part. As with the colour most of the film is set in dark, low key lighting, with lots of shadows creating a spooky kind of atmosphere. Once again though like the colour, often he uses contrast. A place where this is very effective is when some people are looking for Bat-man and it is very dark so they all have very bright torches. All you can see is the torch light getting closer and closer towards you but nothing out of the light. This makes it seem very scary as all you can do is wait until he is in the torch light but by that time you know it will already be too late because they are too close. Another scene in witch the lighting used is very effective is in the bank robbery scene. It is once again very dark in the bank, but because this time it is lighter outside, and the room has very big windows, you get some patches of the bank where it is much lighter. This is really good because he then makes it so that when the action happens, it happens in the lighter places. This means you can clearly see what is happening in the light when something happens out of it your attention is not so focused on it so it is a surprise. Also the dim light coming from just the one side of the building creates big long spooky shadows to, witch adds nicely to the tense atmosphere. Nolan also uses camera techniques in an interesting way to create good effects. For example right at the beginning of the play there is an extreme long shot of a sky scraper. This is then slowly zoomed in; right up to one window and into an extreme close-up, then the glass in the window suddenly shatters. Nolan uses this a lot in the film with other things too, like some one face that once zoomed in you see their shocked facial expression. This creates the element of surprise means you know that something is going to happen to do with what they are zooming in on but not what exactly until your right there. It also creates tension on what thats going to be. Another camera technique used is when something is happening the camera circles the action. This happens a lot and is good because it means you can see everything that is happening and all the reactions of people around it. In addition to this it can create serious tension and fear. A great example of this is when the Joker is about to slit the black mans mouth. The camera circles his head so that sometimes you can see his face with the knife in and sometimes just the back of his head and the Jokers facial expression. Every time the camera shows his face you wince and think, Oh no, is it going to happen now whilst I can see it. This happens over and over until eventually he slits his mouth when you can only see the Jokers expression but you know its been done because his face and its kind of a relief because at least you havent have had to watch. Lastly Nolan uses another successful effect by turning the camera around. He does this near the end when the Joker is hanging upside-down off a building. The camera is turned so that you see the Joker as if he was standing upright and it looks very strange as his hair is all over the place and his hand are waving about, but for some reason it kind of fits the Jokers. This is because the Jokers personality is all over and mad and it seems like that is where he belongs, in an upside-down world. Its slightly ironic really. Moreover, it made it seem like the right place, and way for him to die. Another method Nolan uses to brilliant effect is sound, digetic, and non digetic. For instance throughout the film, when ever tension is building up the same music starts. It sets of quietly and slowly, building up, getting faster and louder until the pinnacle of the excitement then stops. This is very effective as it creates the feeling of panic and makes your heart start to race as you know that somethings about to happen. Sometime when this happens the non digetic sound is on its own building up until its apex when a sudden digetic noise will puncture it. This not only makes tension but also shock and fear. A good example of this is at the beginning when a window breaks. This is a great opening scene as the sound and the camera skill create loads of tension and anticipation. Nolan does another very clever thing with the sound at one point. Just after a massive explosion has happened he cuts the sound altogether, and although you can tell that really there would be loads of noise going on its silent. This is because after an incredibly loud explosion you often become deaf for a while. This is a very clever thing to do, and makes you feel like you really are part of the film. Further more without the sound you concentrate more on what you can see and all the facial expressions and whatevers going on around. Another interesting point to think about in the dark knight is weather or not it is a normal film in the super hero genre. There are many things for and against this argument and I will look at them in this paragraph. First of all there is of course the super hero, and super villain, in this case, bat-man and the Joker. Both whom have very typical features of the super-hero genre but also some not so typical ones. To start with I will concentrate on Bat-man. Like most super heroes he is; quite wealthy, but has had a hard background and has had to build up that wealth from not very much. Is young and good looking with lots of strength and high tech gadgets. Has a different identity during the daytime, and fights crime at night, wearing a costume so no one knows who he is. Also, like a lot of super heros e.g. spider man he is based on some sort of animal. Lastly he has a very strong sense of right and wrong, for example his one rule never to kill anyone witch a lot of super heroes seem to have. On the other hand, although he seems to be a reasonably normal super hero, there are some things witch are slightly different. For example, a lot of the public dont particularly like him, at one point they even try to send him to jail. Also unlike most super heroes, he doesnt really have any sub natural powers, he just like a normal human in most ways. Also, a very big twist in the play is when the heroine dies, so like most super heroes bat-man does have heroine who he cant really have yet. But, whereas usually at the end of the play they would get together, In Bat-man, about half way through she dies. Now as for the joker, is a bit different. Although like most super villains he is bad and has had a hard life. His attitude to life and Bat-man is quite different. Unlike most super villains, he does not really seem to hate Bat-man. Instead he sees him as game, and even when he has the chance to kill him says he is too fun to kill. This is very unusual and very different to how the baddy usually feels towards the hero. Furthermore, the reasons for the Joker to do what he does is rather strange too, because most villains do it for money or wealth or power, but the Joker doesnt care about any of this, and just does it for fun. Overall I think that although The Dark Knight isnt exactly what you would expect from a typical super hero movie, all in all its more that than anything else. I think that really Nolan has taken the super hero genre and added aspects from other things like horror to create a very successful, far more adult movie which will appeal to people who love all the super hero kind of movies, but also to those who usually find them a bit too childish and unrealistic.

Paramedic Professionals Essay Example for Free

Paramedic Professionals Essay Although paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers, they are not classified as health care professionals, therefore, working independently from these organisations and autonomously within their own state ambulance organisations. Through exploring the evolution of paramedic practice and their role as a health care provider, the current status of paramedics as a semi profession is explained along with what further development is needed before they become a recognised profession. In understanding how paramedics work autonomously within their own state based organisations, the concept of scope of practice and evidence based practice is explored. Finally by discussing how paramedics are independent, we establish paramedics’ role and position within the Australian Health Care System. A paramedic is a health care professional At present in Australia, paramedics are not classified as registered health care professionals. (Smith 2012) Instead, paramedics are widely regarded as semi-professionals with the potential to become a fully recognised profession in the near future. The definition of profession and the guidelines to become a recognised profession are not black and white. Professions Australia defined a profession as ‘a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to ethical standards and who possess special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from research, education and training at a high level. ’ (Allied Health Professions Australia 2008: 8) Whilst Wilinsky (1964) describes 4 key elements that are essential for the process of professionalization. These include; the implementation of a unified code of ethics and regulations, attaining professional licencing, registration and accreditation, the establishment of university study and education and the development of full-time occupation and formation of occupational territory. Over the past 20 years the roles of paramedics have changed rapidly, with changes still occurring at the present. Paramedics have transitioned from ‘stretcher bearers’ knew as ambulance officers, to todays’ paramedics who are full time workers and are able to administer extensive pre hospital care. Along with the changes to the nature of the paramedics’ job, there has also been a significant change in the way paramedics are trained. ‘Training for paramedics has transitioned from on the job training provided by State and Territory Ambulance Services to vocational qualifications and more recently, higher education (University) sector qualifications. ’(Williams, Brown, Onsman 2012: 6) These changes to higher education training and full time employment, has allowed for paramedics to move one step closer in becoming a recognised profession. A review of common professional traits suggests two main areas where the discipline falls short and it is that paramedics do not have ‘national registration and regulation resulting in professional self-control and accreditation’ and they do not nationwide qualifications that link from tertiary education to the paramedic services (Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 1) Firstly, registration in the context of health care professionals, is the process of licensing and registering clinicians to practice at a uniform national standard of care. Productivity Commission 2005 in Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 7) Registration allows for consistency in education and training nationwide, and ensures paramedics work within the provisions of their scope of practice. (Council of Ambulance Authorities 2008) Secondly, there are no national university standard degree competencies or a national curriculum in relation to paramedic training. This leads to an inconsistency between the curricula taugh t to paramedic students. This is further aggravated by ambulance services as they work independently from the Australian Health care System and of the universities as well. Williams, Brown, Osman 2012) In conclusion, without the implementation of nationwide registration, licensing and education qualifications, paramedics will continue to be recognized as a semi-profession. Operating autonomously Paramedics are allied health care providers who are operating autonomously at a state level within their own ambulance services. The United States National Library of Medicine defines autonomy as the ‘decisions and the freedom to act in accordance with ones professional knowledge base. (Nurs 2010: 1) In the paramedic profession this knowledge base is known as a scope of practice. Within each state based paramedic organisation, there is legislation and guidelines that outline the scope of which a certain qualified paramedic can work in. Scope of practice refers to ‘the extent to w hich providers may render Health care services and the extent they may do so independently and the type of diseases, ailments, and injuries a health care provider may address and what procedures and medication they can provide. ’ (Prats ;amp; Katz 2012: 13) For example, in Queensland, whilst out on road paramedics have the freedom to make their own decisions and judgments based on their knowledge, as long as it is legal in the legislation of the Queensland Ambulance Service Ambulance Service Act 1991 (Qld) and within the scope of practice of the paramedics qualifications. (Queensland Consolidated Acts 2010) As paramedics gain further knowledge and undergo more training, the scope of practice of this paramedic will increase. The larger the scope of practice, the more autonomously the paramedic is able to operate. Currently in Queensland there has been an increased awareness of poorer patient outcomes and difficulties in accessing medical help in rural and remote areas. (Horizon 2007 in O’Meara 2011) In an attempt to increase positive patient outcomes, expanded scope roles have been introduced into the Australian Health Care System, allowing certain paramedics to apply skills and protocols for which they were not originally trained. (Sterling, Pedler, Walker 2007) This increases the paramedics’ autonomy within their field which allows them to work for better patient outcomes. Paramedics are also highly autonomous as they frequently use evidence based practice as a means of new research and technique. In the pre hospital care environment, ‘rather than making decisions about practice actions based on routine and traditionally taught methods, paramedics use evidence identified from well-constructed studies as a basis for the clinical decisions and behaviours. ’ (Curtis ;amp; Ramsden 2011: 111) Evidence based practice occurs through ‘integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. (Sackett ;amp; Rosenberg 1996: 1) This can only occur when an individual is given autonomy within their field of work. In conclusion, as paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, paramedics are autonomous within a state level. Operating independently within The Australian Health Care System Although paramedics work alon g-side the Australian Health Care System, paramedics are independent of this system. The Houghton Mifflin Company 2011 defines independent as being ‘not governed by a foreign power; self-governing. Paramedics are governed by their own state based organisations and are separate and independent of the hospitals and the Australian Health Care System. When dealing with any misconduct or inquiries, unlike nurses and doctors whose governing power is the Australian Health Care System, paramedics approach their own state based organisation. In conclusion, even though the paramedics work in conjunction with other health care providers both in and out of the hospital setting, paramedics governance is independent of other health care services and the Australian Health Care System. Willis, McCarthy, Lazarsfeld-Jensen and O’Meara 2009) Conclusion: In conclusion paramedics are autonomous and independent health care providers who work along-side the Australian Health Care system. Alth ough paramedics work alongside other emergency services and health care providers in both the in and out of hospital care environment, they are not classified as health care professionals. But with the implementation of nationwide curricula and ethical standards, paramedics can move from a semi profession to fully recognised profession. Paramedics have the freedom to make decisions within their scope of practice and can utilise evidence based practice, making paramedics autonomous within a state level. Through the broadening of paramedics’ scope of practice in certain environment such as rural areas and through the use of evidence based practice we see efforts to increase positive patient outcomes. Finally, paramedics are independent from the Australian Health Care System as they are self-governed by their own state based organisations.

Looking At Imperial Identity In Rudyard Kipling English Literature Essay

Looking At Imperial Identity In Rudyard Kipling English Literature Essay The work of Edward Said has long been fuel for much critical debate; In Orientalism, Said argues that the whole notion of the Orient is a body of culture, academic and political work that tries to identify the East as them in terms that have evolved through Western Imperialism. In Orientalism, Said quotes Rudyard Kiplings work as exemplifying colonial attitudes to Oriental peoples. (REF) The aim of this essay is to explore the critical material written about the work of Kipling, in particular Kim and The Jungle Books. By using the work of Said as a foundation and starting point to critique Kiplings work, I plan to explore how Kipling presents his young heroes, Kim and Mowgli. According to Saids analysis, there are two factors that must be kept in mind when interpreting Kim. One being that, its author was writing not just from the dominating viewpoint of a white man in a colonial possession but from the perspective of a colossal colonial system whose economy, functioning, and history had acquired the status of a virtual fact of nature. (162) Kipling assumes an essentially uncontested empire of colonies made up of inferior humans. The division between white and non-white was absolute in India and other colonial areas, and is alluded to throughout Kim as well as the rest of Kiplings work: a Sahib is a Sahib and no amount of friendship or camaraderie can change the rudiments of racial difference. (162) According to Said, Kipling would no more have questioned that difference and the right of the white European to rule than he would have argued with the Himalayas. (163) Similar to Said, S. P. Mohanty in his essay, Kiplings Children and the Colour Line, explores this division between the white and non-white. Mohanty argues that Kim has to be read in terms of racial positions and the imperial project. In particular he focuses on issues of spying, scouting, observing and managing: a distinctly political project shaping racial meanings, identities and possibilities. He suggests that Kim is a white hero who can discard his colour as he wishes: He lives and sleeps and east in the open social world of colonial India against a backdrop of an inter-Imperial war between Britain and Russia, but his identity is never something that ties him down. (241) Kim is of white heritage, yet grew up as a street urchin in Lahore, in the care of a half caste Indian woman. Mohanty argues that it is when we begin to take Kims cultural identity seriously as the character can become real and the reader begins to pay attention to the narratives elusive and mystifying cultural vision and wonder about the sources of its motivation. (242) The critic explains that once we being to question Kims education, direct parallels can be drawn to Kims ancestor, Mowgli. Both Kim and Mowgli learn to adapt to strange surroundings and attain a knowledge that enables them to survive their harsh worlds. (242) Mowgli is adopted by the wolves and befriended by the rest of the jungle animals, yet still holds a level of superiority. However in an example that Mohanty gives, taken from the opening of The Kings Ankus, Mowgli and Kaa the python are playing: the fantasy is here not so much of pure freedom as of involvement without any real implication. Kaa could crush Mowgli with the slightest slip; and what Mowgli plays with, in fact, is precisely this. Their inequality reduces to a game. From the beginning of the story, Kaa acknowledges the young human as the Master of the Jungle, and brings the boy all the news that he hears. (243) It is suggested by Mohanty that Mowgli like Kim reveals the capacity to not only inhabit the jungle through a wishful allegorical fantasy, but also to chart and track it as well both of them have the ability to read the world around them and often better than the natives. The native boys Kim is compared with somehow lack the facility that make reading possible, remarks the critic. Another example he gives of this inequality is when Lurgan Sahib teaches Kim and the Indian boy how to observes peoples faces and reactions, to interpret their behaviour and identify motive, Kim seems to learn it quickly, whilst the native boy is left mysteriously handicapped (244) The second factor is that Said recognises is that Kipling was a historical being as well an author; Kim was written at a specific moment in his career, and at a time when the relationship between the British and Indian people was changing. When we read it today, Kiplings Kim can touch many of these issues. Does Kipling portray the Indians as inferior, or as somehow equal but different? Obviously, an Indian reader will give an answer that focuses on some factors more than others (for example, Kiplings stereotypical views some would call them racialist on the Oriental character) whereas English and American readers will stress his affection for Indian life on the Grand Trunk Road. Sandra Kemp in her 1988 study entitled Kiplings Hidden Narratives, tries to understand and link the relationship between the authors psychology and the authors work. She notes that Kipling was strongly opposed to Indian Nationalism (2) and used his public figure as a writer to draw attention to politics and the political climate in India. Like Said recognises, India was entering a post-Muntiny state and both critics propound the influence of this on Kipling. (2) Baa Baa, Black Sheep, Kiplings semi-autobiographical account of childhood, he reveals recurrent preoccupations as the story dramatizes the difference between the East and West. Throughout his writings Kipling seems to be searching for a structure of belief that would recognise the reality of both love and hate, and the reality of their co-existence. Kemp encapsulates the search for identity within Kim, stating that this structures the action: Who is Kim-Kim-Kim? Quoting this extract from Kim again is Zorah T. Sullivan, who notes that this inner quest and search for an identity suggest possible self-discovery. Sullivan examines Kim and Mowglis mutual [division] between their desire to be loved and their need to control and be feared. (i) Quoting from The Second Jungle Book all the Jungle was his friend, and just a little afraid of him (130). This coincides with Mohantys point regarding Kaa and Mowlgis play fighting. Sullivan identifies that the India Kipling created helped to construct a mythology of imperialism by reflecting both the real and the imaginary relationship between the British and their Indian subjects. (8) By acknowledging the work of Kemp, Sullivan expands upon how Kemp illuminates Foucaults and Saids earlier work on the problems of representing Others: knowledge of others reflects the power of the knowing coloniser who represents natives because they cannot represent themselves. (9) Sullivans work counters Kiplings reputation as bard of empire whose voice represents unproblematically and transparently the discourse of imperialism. Peter Havholm suggests that Saids demonstration of the Orientalism assumed by the implied authors of important English and French novels has set the parameters for much other recent discussion about Kiplings fiction. (2008, 5) According to him, fellow critics such as Sullivan and Moore-Gilbert line up against Saids conclusions; They read ambivalence, anxiety, and a range of complexities in the discourse that may be abstracted form Kiplings stories. (5) Although Saids work added colonial discourse analysis to the art and life of Kipling, this analysis focuses more on the rhetoric of Kiplings fiction than its form. However Havholm observes that the discussion Said started is both productive and fascinating. (4) Bart Moore-Gilbert is another critic who is synonymous with Kipling. In his 1986 study Kipling and Orientalism, Moore-Gilbert seeks to explore Kiplings relationship to the characteristic discourses of Anglo-Indian culture, principally the literary and the political in the 19th Century, as well as providing a critique on Saids Orientalism. Edward Said believes that every form of orientalism is based on simplistic stereotypes that help justify the Wests imperialistic goal of restructuring and dominating oriental cultures. Moore-Gilbert suggests that Saids writing is inadequate and generalises the British relationship to India and Kiplings outlook in his Anglo-Indian writings. Moore-Gilbert acknowledges Saids position. Despite his sympathy for Indian ways, as aforementioned, Kipling feared native rule and was in full support of the British Raj. Moore-Gilbert treats this as a regrettable short-coming, proving that Kipling was a prisoner of his cultural values and proposes that Anglo-Indians and Kipling were not always bigoted imperialists as Said may suggest. Through Moore-Gilberts work, a reassessment of Saids hypothesis of Kiping is formed. John McBratneys article Imperial Subjects, Imperial Space argues that the ordering element of Kiplings vision of empire is the native-born Westerner who inhabits his fictions so insistently. Surrounding the native born is felicitous space or a narrative area in which arising social constraints are suspended and where one can engage in a free experiment of personal identity and social role: Given the tension between juvenile freedom and imperial duty, what finally is the nature of Mowglis identity? (279) Similar to some of the other critics discussed in this essay, McBratney too draws upon Kiplings own identity, and his ability to float between the Anglo-Indian and Indian societies, without religious or social sanctum (282) just like Kim and Mowgli. The special abilities that allow the native-born to play these roles derive from his identity as neither exclusively British nor simply native. This study also provides the most thorough analysis of that figures hybrid, casteless selfhood in relation to shifting attitudes toward racial identity during Britains New Imperialism. illuminates both the complexities of subject construction in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods and the struggles today over identity formation in the postcolonial world. Moore-Gilbert has critiqued the work of McBratney, regearding it as a fine critical text (2000, 100). The focus of the native born which features heavily within McBratneys article leads to Moore-Gilbert praising him for highlighting that Mowgli is in fact Indian born and there a native himself. However studies from Mohanty and Sullivan highlight that regardless of whether Mowgli is Indian, the jungle become an allegorical platform and he is still an outsider in a strange world. From the critical material explored here, the issue of identity in Kim and The Jungle Books can be seen to be a highly debated topic, of which I have only scraped the surface, with the reoccurring issues of race and cultural factors being behind and self-confusion. Kemp, as many of the other critics concur, uses Kiplings self-reflexivity of his stories, and his stories interrogate the other-self of his childhood (1) Kiplings own confusion of racial and cultural identity is reflected within his writing, not only in Kim and The Jungle Books, but across all of his Indian fiction. This is something that maybe needs to be taken into consideration, as Moore-Gilbert does, when assessing the work of Kipling, using Said as critical foundation.

For Money or Love Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Jane Austen

Women of the 1800’s where very limited to what they could do in life; especially the women of the upper and middle class. They where expected to do nothing more than marry and to marry well. If they could not do this the life that they faced was very grim. It would be a life of spinsterhood and being care for by other family members or working as a governess for some upper class family. Jane Austen in her book Pride and Prejudice shows the reader the important of marrying and hopefully marrying well but also how important it is marry for love. Jane Austen was born in1775 and the world that she grows up in was one that was very limited for women. Jane was very lucky in the fact that her parents knew how important an education was for all children. She was sent to school but she received most of her education at home from the book in her father’s library. From David Nokes’s book â€Å"Jane Austen a Life† he tells us that Jane† had determined that whatever her fait might be she would not indulge the role of charming female imbecile.†(103) and she was not willing to marry someone she did not love. In her book, she shows us many different characters and how they go about the whole game of marriage. There are five relationships in the book that we will look at, Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner, Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins, Lydia and Wickham, Jane and Bingley, and Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy. Mrs. Bennett is described in the book as being a women of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. (3) She was a women with five daughters and her goal in life was to see them all married and hopefully married well. In understanding Pride and Prejudice, Debra Teachman suggests that â€Å"Mrs. Bennet does not have the... ...s not have very many options in life and that by marry him she would bring security to her mother and sisters but she is not willing to marry without being in love. If all she wanted was to marry for money she would have accepted Mr. Darcy first proposal instead of telling him â€Å"that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.† For Darcy and Elizabeth to fall in love it takes time and the understanding of each other charter before they both can look be on their own Pride and Prejudice that they might have. Jane Austen is trying to show us that marriage is more that a business deal and that one should not just look to the good manners or appetence of another. That marriage with love is domed to be unhappy and that does not take a lot of money to find happiness. I believe that she put a lot of herself in to the charter Elizabeth.

The Crucible - Thomas Putnam :: Arthur Millers The Crucible

Thomas Putnam plays a major role in the Salem witch hunt in Arthur Miller's The Crucible. Inheriting a handsome amount of property makes Putnam a wealthy person; however, it doesn't seem to satisfy his ambition. After the town terribly rejected Putnam's brother-in-law, Bayley, Putnam's bitterness has increased. Finally his prodigious involvement in the relentless accusations places him in the center of the spot light, making him a salient character in both the play and the indignant period of the American history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Putnam has a very large part in initiating the Salem witch hunt. He is the first character who blames unnatural causes for the illness among the children. Furthermore, he firmly believes in the existence of 'vengeful spirits layin' hands on these children';(15). 'There is a murderous witch among us,'; he vehemently cries out(16). His action isn't surprising because he has lost seven newborns and his Ruth is sick. He wants to hunt down the witch, but he needs some aid. He lays his eyes on Parris because Parris is the minister and Betty is also ill. Thus, Putnam tries to coerce Parris to witchcraft. 'Declare it yourself,'; Putnam tells Parris, 'you have discovered witchcraft';(16). At this point, Putnam captures everyone's attention, and then he strikes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Putnam is behind the accusations toward many people. 'Did you ever see Sarah Good with him,'; he questions Tituba, 'or Osburn?';(46). With fear and panic, Tituba confesses she sees the Devil with them. Sarah Good and Osburn are insignificant in Salem. They certainly don't satisfy Putnam's fastidious demand, so he moves on to the next victim and eventually accuses Rebecca Nurse. 'For murder, she's charged! For the marvelous and supernatural murder of Goody Putnam's babies';(71). Putnam truly stands out of the crowd this time. He is perhaps the only person corrupt enough to accuse Rebecca. Last but not to the least he manipulated his daughter to accuse George Jacobs. Does Putnam simply wants to killed the witches and save the children? No, there is something bigger he is after.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Putnam profits remarkably in the Salem witch hunt . The person who initiates the event receives all the benefit. Is it a coincident? It is not. Thomas Putnam must have a plan. At the beginning of the play, the argument between Putnam, Giles, and Proctor shows contentions between people over land. 'The tract is in my bounds, it's my bounds, Mr.

Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado and The Raven Essay -- Edgar

Edgar Allan Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Raven" Edgar Allan Poe was one of the greatest writers of the nineteenth century. Perhaps he is best know for is ominous short stories. Two of these stories were "The Cask of Amontillado" and "The Raven." In these short stories Poe uses imagery in many different forms to enhance the mood and setting of the story. In my essay I will approach three aspects of Poe's use of imagery. These three are when Poe uses it to develop the setting, to develop the mood, and to develop suspense. Through out all of Poe's stories he uses imagery to develop the setting. If the setting is established well, you can understand the story better. Some examples of when Poe used imagery to develop the setting in "The Raven" as well as "The Cask of Amontillado." Some imagery from "The Cask†¦" were "It was about dusk, one evening during the supreme madness of carnival season†¦" he uses that excerpt to establish the time. Later on, the narrator says "†¦bowed him through several suites of rooms to the arc hway that led into vaults. I passed down a long and wi...

Art Over Life Essay

An ode is a form of lyric poetry where the poet reveals his personality. He shares his thoughts, feelings and opinions as we see through his eyes. Keats’s odes were very majestic and full of imagination. The two poems Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on a Grecian Urn are very similar in their structure and message. Keats was tired of the mortal world and could only see the negative things in his life and so he looked for an escape. It wasn’t only his own pain that depressed him, it was the pain of his brother who was dying and we can see evidence of this in this quote; â€Å"The weariness, the fever, the fret. Here, where men sit and hear each other groan. Where palsy shakes a few last grey hairs. † Both Ode to a Nightingale and Ode to a Grecian Urn have similarities in them. In Ode to a Nightingale and Ode the speaker opens with a declaration of his own heartache. He feels as if he is numb and â€Å"as though of hemlock I had drunk,† he then addresses a nightingale he hears singing somewhere in the forest. He says in this opening stanza that he is not envious of the nightingale because it is so happy. Keats appreciated nature and saw it in some ways superior to humans. In â€Å"Ode To A Grecian Urn† Keats imagine what the people on the urn were doing when the picture on the urn was painted. He reflects on the idea of a thing of beauty living on past his lifetime and he rejoices in the fact that the urn will never change. As you can see in both poems Keats’s glee is based on the fact that both the Nightingales song and the people on the Urn will never change and they will live on past his lifetime. This is the same for Keats’s poems; all the beauty within them live on past Keats’s lifetime and generation. Both poems convey immortality one through a living thing and one through a still object. We can almost sense that Keats uses beauty in his poems to escape the harsh life of the mortal world and he sees beauty in things that are not human. This is the case in both of the poems. Beauty is almost compensation for life and Keats fully appreciates beauty and escapes through writing about beauty. He realises then at the end of the Ode to a Nightingale poem that escaping to the nightingale’s world is not as good as the mortal world. He bases this decision on the fact that in the mortal you experience both the good and bad intensely but this is better than no intense feeling at all. There is also a complicated ending in â€Å"Ode To A Grecian Urn† in the part he says â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty, – and that is all ye know on earth, and all ye need to know†.

Art Imitates Life; Life Imitates Art Essay

superintendent columbine Massacre RPG (SCMRPG) is a expression of art imitates life. Danny Ledonne patterned his gritty aft(prenominal) the infamous Columbine tragedy. He created characters and situations which argon very(prenominal) similar to those that transpired on that opprobrious day. The question is, up to what extent does art start and stop imitating life? ar there whatsoever boundaries that should not be crossed? Are there any rules that should not be broken? These were around of the questions that Ledonne has been trying to answer regarding his game.He was criticized for existence morally insensitive towards the feelings of those who were involved in Columbine. In this case, with regards to moral grounds, should a film producer or developer cease to create anything divine by actual events? According to the adept of the posts in Ledonnes website, SCMRPG is one of the closely important games in gaming history. It has discussed a signifi grasst awakening that n o social function what anyone had through, in reference to the quote we should open checked their rooms voiced by one of the gunmens parents there is cipher that could stop Harris and Klebold in their plan.It also showed how things started for the cardinal boys and this sociological way of representing Harris and Klebold through SCMRPG business leader be a first beat towards acceptance of characterisation games as a legitimate medium for the expression of sincere thoughts. SCMRPG also comprehensively dealt with the psychological profiles of both Harris and Klebold, which no one had ever done before (www. columbinegame. com). It has been said that the actions of Harris and Klebold were brought approximately by watching violent pic games, which is an manikin of life imitates art.The pattern of execution and the luxuriant plan of going about the cleanup position were blamed on the detailed video games as well as the medicament these boys listened to. But up to what exte nt can we blame art for the actions of a watcher? As Ledonne answered this question in likeness the Dawson College shooting incident, he emphasized that tho playing a game that looks primitive does not encourage someone like Kimveer to go out and kill. In point the game was devoid of all the bloodthirsty details that gamers would typically want. Games do get to effect on teenager power provided its not the precisely one to blame for it.The columbine massacre was a disaster waiting to happen. It but so happened that the 2 kids who committed the execrable act were playing video games and that their front-runner band was Marilyn Manson. The increasing incident of kids committing suicide due to bullying is alarming. As a coping mechanism for these 2 kids they cherished to hurt those population who hurt them but as kids, they made a very stinky decision and very bad planning that they hurt other people as well. Klebold and Harris lost their direction in life and were no t appropriately steer on how to overcome teenage emotions such as inadequacy and inferiority complex. cultivation Super Columbine Massacre RPG was created to reach out gamers a feel of what Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold felt, with the attentive of preventing some other Harris or Klebold. However, moving aside fastidious expression and the intent to save probable Harris or Klebold through human contact, flavor at the game as an avid fan of computer games there is not much to see actually. The 16-bit image that moves up and devour and jumps from time to time gets a little bit boring. Nonetheless, the conversation amidst Klebold and Harris are a must-read.Ledonne had thoroughly researched the game that 80 percent of the dialogues were taken from Harris and Klebolds own writings. The sounds used are a bit better than regular midi since it utilizes popular music which could actually accommodate the thinking moments of the characters very effective. Too some(prenominal) lite rature have been written about the reasons why Harris and Klebold created such mayhem, but excessively little had been said about how these 2 boys were as much as a victim like those people they gunned down in Columbine.Almost as always, issues were organism discussed in forums, articles were creation published and documentaries were being aired. But, one media form that hasnt been apply till now was the gaming world. Ledonne treasured to change that by turning the nonsensical world of gaming into a platform of more serious topics. He did so by creating SCMRPG. Ledonne on an interview by the working capital Post said that he would not create another game. SCMRPG was created with the intent of generating discussion and presenting a unique place on the events of Columbine.This may not be the future of gaming, but it is a step towards the future of how games will be set and viewed in our cultureas artful, meaty objects which represent the thoughts, ideas, dreams and nightmar es of a unique cause (http//alt-games. com/? p=28). With regards to the objective of the game, I weigh that it has amassed the intended attention and created an awareness regarding video games and violence. Ledonne had successfully generated a forum where families and love ones of the Columbine incident could air their grievances (even though at the expense of the game).Works CitedCrecente, Brian (September 20, 2006). Columbine RPG Creator Talks about Dawson scene. Kotaku. http//www. kotaku. com/gaming/danny-ledonne/feature-columbine-rpg-creator-talks-about-dawson-shooting-201829. php. Retrieved on December 8, 2008. Dugan, Patrick (March 13, 2007). snout Why You Owe the Columbine RPG (page 2). Gamasutra. http//www. gamasutra. com/features/20070313/dugan_02. shtml. Retrieved on may 8. , 2009. Holmes, T. J. Betty Nguyen (November 7, 2007). Transcripts CNN Sunday Morning. CNN. http//edition. cnn. com/TRANSCRIPTS/0711/11/sm. 01.html. Retrieved on May 8, 2009. Stuart, Keith (Janua ry 11, 2007). Gamesblog Sorry, Boris, these blasted gizmos are here to stay. The Guardian p. 3. Retrieved May 8, 2009. Thompson, Clive (January 15, 2007). I, Columbine Killer. Wired. http//www. wired. com/gaming/gamingreviews/ rendering/games/2007/01/72491? currentPage=all. Retrieved on May 8, 2009. Vargas, Jose Antonio (May 20, 2006). Shock, Anger everyplace Columbine Video Game. The Washington Post p. C6. http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/19/AR2006051901979. html. Retrieved on May 8,2009

British Petroleum and The Delay of Maintenance Case Analysis

British Petroleum, now know as simply BP, is a multinational veget suit equal oil and flub comp whatever that is headquartered in London, England. On skirt 23, 2005, a series of huge effusions deva stated one of the spaciousst British Petroleum re first-rateries dictated in Texas city. The deck rattle windows in downtown Galveston, 20 miles away and was level(p) felt in Houston, 35 miles distant. Reports indicated that 15 throng had been killed and wellspring oer 150 were injured, m whatever of those badly burned.A BP spokesperson addressed the media by explaining how the explosion had occurred slice an i nearrization social unit of the plant was being brought gage on stream to exuberant return later on having been shut down for annual inspection and revive (Hosmer, 49). As the families of those killed in the explosion mourned their outletes, BP pledged to a long and intensive investigation to determine the bugger off of the explosion (Hosmer, 49). These promis es were clipping short when accounts of previous capers at BP refineries began to bring out themselves.Reports revealed that a year ago from the mean solar day of the most recent explosion, a blast occurred at the akin processing unit of the Texas refinery. No deaths or injuries answered, exclusively a U. S Occupational gum elastic and Health Administration (OSHA) investigation indicated trespasss of 14 measuring rod operating procedures. Further to a greater extent, merely a hebdomad prior to the Texas City explosion, BP was describe to imbibe settled a large suit claiming that their company had bolted to the nonwithstanding up up way nourish huge transshipment center tanks and improperly falsify the guardianship records of those real storage tanks.A far more condemn report in the folk of 2005 effectuate hundreds of guard violations related to a venting system at the isomerization unit, namen to non meet been operative properly. As a result, the OSHA obligate a probationary period, in which, BP had to postulation permission from the dresser to start up old isomerization units, report tout ensemble misfortunes and injuries, and lock stunnedside professionals to review e precise last(predicate)(a) refinery seriousty programs and procedures. BP began judge coarser responsibilities and planned to spend more than $1 one million million million on improving alimony procedures.However, the company began to recede its credibility as yet a nonher(prenominal) get revealed that the actually(prenominal) isomerization hover that had leaked flammable gases to brace the deadly b baffle district 23 explosion, had leaked those same gases non once before, but eight times (Hosmer, 59). both(prenominal) separate accounts of whistleblowing swear outed the OSHA conclude that BPs drop of alimentation and worker training was a result of their revenant demands to reduce fixed be, which of course, the major(postnominal) off icials of BP denied.S cultivateholder Analysis In a fortune that involves such(prenominal) environmental destruction, fines, truthsuits and more importantly, the way out of human life a wide variety of s pledgeholders atomic number 18 affected. The first primary amicable s thinkholder is of course the central company to the case itself- British Petroleum, consisting of all its officials and executive members. To commence, since BP is the party being sued for the big explosion at the Texas City refinery, it has a amazing nitty-gritty of stake in the case.BP receivees a postgraduate interest in this mail service, as it is their reputation and scratchs that evaporate with all of the proceeding lawsuits and investigations. In the same way, they possess lavishly motive be hunting expedition they adjudge the full ascendency and financing to symmetricly state their product facilities and sufficiently train their staff. Referring to the typology of stakeholder attributes, it is clear that BP has soaring power, broad(prenominal) legitimacy, richly urgency and a close propinquity in this case.As mentioned earlier, BP attains a great deal of power because their decisions be the root cause of the problem. The fact that BP is the defendant in all its major lawsuits, and has so often at stake ordains it lavishlyer(prenominal) legitimacy. Not except that, but the situation for BP is very urgent as the majority of their eagerness is hurtd and inefficient to crap any profits for the company. BP definitely possesses close propinquity to the case, with their rapidness and management all situated at the explosion.All of these characteristics prove BP as a definitive stakeholder that squeeze out be harmed finished the bad human beingsity absolute lawsuits, fines and investigations damage to multi-billion dollar refinery and loss of profits. The provided practical benefit for BP in this pool of harms is that this explosion gives them an chan ce to restore the refinery with new, safer technology that abides cadence operating procedures. BP claims that the massive explosion is a result of highly complicated chemical processes and even places blame on its employees for operable mistakes.The authorities agency OSHA thinks otherwise, and imposes their healthy skillful to a probationary period on BP and its operations. BP thinks they atomic number 18 in no wrong, but they ar denied the right to allurement for a shorter probationary period as the slow down of proper alimony is confirmed as the cause of the destruction (csb. gov). Moving on, another primary societal stakeholder affected by the explosion of the Texas City BP refinery, is the employees and managers of the prep atomic number 18dness itself. Many employees working in the forwardness take hold lost their lives and suffered life-threatening injuries.For this reason, their interest in the situation is very high as their health and eudaimonia is pl aced in jeopardy. In addition, due to the explosion, these workers atomic number 18 unable(p) to earn wages to support their families. These employees chip in very limited power because they have no control over the decisions made by BP to properly swan their facilities. Consequently, the employees and managers of the BP refinery have low power, high legitimacy, high urgency and a very close proximity to the case.To further explain, their measure of low power is the result of their position on the BP ladder. They simply melt out the orders enforced by BP officials such as sour be by 25 portion (Hosmer, 53), without paying more attention to the consequences. They in addition possess high legitimacy with their life and loss of employment at stake. Their urgency is high as they atomic number 18 unable to earn wages and must resort to away sources of income to provide for their loved ones. besides, those injured in the misfortune must seek medical attention very urgently .Lastly, the employees all the way have close proximity as they work and reside in the vicinity of the facility that has been damaged with the blast. This combination of attributes deems the managers and employees a dependent stakeholder, which is reliant on the BP officials to carry out their forget. These members of the case have near no benefit from the explosion. Due to the redoubted working conditions and BPs high expenditures on the explosion, they are harmed with a possible risk of injury or death and potential job loss.Prior to the accident, these stakeholders were denied the legal right to an becoming training regime, which may have been a factor in the blast as stated in an interim report contendd by BP (Hosmer, 50). The workers of BP were also denied their legal right to a union, further addressing their privation of power and independency in the case. Finally, a threesome stakeholder affected by the massive blast of the BP refinery is the U. S Government, but mo re specializedally, the federal agency OSHA (Occupation asylum and Health Administration).Unlike the others, this supplementary social stakeholder has a public or special interest stake in the case that is more indirect. The OSHA has a tremendous amount of power and interest given that it is in their authority to ensure BPs business practices align with the standard operating procedures and provide safe work environments for the citizens of their nation. This secondary stakeholder can also be classified as a definitive stakeholder due to its high power, high legitimacy, high urgency and close proximity to the case.To elaborate, the OSHA has thingd lawsuits, fines, investigations and even a probationary period on the practices of BP and will continue to do so until the proper production requirements are met, giving them tremendous power. They possess high legitimacy and high urgency as it is in their right to prevent any future ensuants that could troika to the loss of human li fe and mass environmental damage, in the shortest possible time period. Clearly the U. S government, with all its growthed locations, has close proximity to the accident and all diagnose stakeholders involved in the case. though the OSHA may benefit from showing convinced(p) function (i.e. investigation reports, fines etc. ) in the eyes of the public, the incident may actually decrease other countries commit interests. As touched upon earlier, the government has exercised their legal right to bang fines, suspensions and in-depth investigations. Through this extensive process and help from the media, the OSHA has been able to bring the a honorable actions of the BP Company to the publics eye, concluding that regular charge of the production facility would have been enough to prevent the immense explosion. bound the Complete Moral Problem State the righteous problem in a complete disbelief form.Is it goodly permissible for the BP Company to ignore and delay the maintenance requirements of their Texas City refinery given that 1) the massive explosion caused 15 deaths and over 150 life-threatening injuries 2) the employees, managers, local anesthetic communities and environment are placed in a volatile situation 3) it is one of the largest refineries located in the United States 4) BP settled a large lawsuit claiming that it had (1) failed to properly maintain huge storage tanks and (2) improperly falsify the maintenance records for those storage tanks a week prior to the explosion (Hosmer, 50) 5) the same isomerization tower that leaked the flammable gases to cause the bump into 23 explosion, had leaked those same gases eight times before 6) a blast had occurred at the same gas processing unit of Texas City refinery a year prior to the bound 23 explosion 7) they were charged millions of dollars by the OSHA later on finding hundreds of say safety violations in their facility 8) they falsely pledged to a long and intensive investigation to determine the cause of the explosion (Hosmer, 49) 9) they were stressful to cut costs by 25 part after realizing an after-tax profit of $15. 7 billion? characterize the Moral Problem Why is this a clean-living problem? According to Hosmer, a clean-living problem is a situation in which the firms pecuniary performance and social performance are in passage of arms (Hosmer, 55). To further elaborate, a lesson problem can present itself when a company disregards the of necessity and rights of its stakeholders in the pursuit of profit and financial reward. These are the situations when some individuals or groups to whom the organization has some form of obligation, such as employees and customers, are departure to be harmed while others will be benefitted.In considering the issue involving the explosion of the Texas City refinery, it is clear to see that BP disregards the rights of its employees, managers and local communities by continually operating rusty, unsafe and unmaintained system s (Wolf), in order to cut costs and reap a greater financial reward. We can clearly see the direct relationship between the parties that have been harmed and denied their rights, as compared to those that are benefitted and profit from this decision, ultimately creating a conflict between financial and social performance. Thus, this issue is a righteous issue. Define the kind of moral issue involved in the problem. To specify, the kind of moral issue present in the case is both a violation of justice and rights.In terms of justice, the OSHA, a branch of the U. S government confirms that BP is in violation of fourteen standard operating procedures and hundreds of other safety violations. more thanover, a week prior to the explosion, BP settled a large California lawsuit as it claimed that it had failed to properly maintain storage tanks and improperly falsified the maintenance record for those storage tanks. With their decision to ignore maintenance, BP is breaking the federal law in order to increase profit and others are being harmed for it. Two cases of whistleblowing revealed that BP managers were consistent by senior officials to cut costs by 25 percentage (Hosmer, 53).This is simply unfair for parties with close proximity to the case, such as the refinery staff, as they are unable to maintain a facility, which they know for certain, is dangerous with its interrelated valves, controls, tanks, flares and alarms- rig to not have been working properly (Hosmer, 50). In terms of it being a rights issue, BP has go against several(prenominal)(prenominal) optimistic legal rights and laws. For example, BP initially places blame of the Texas City explosion on its workers for operational and supervisory mistakes (Hosmer, 50). By making this claim, BP is violating the positive legal right to adequate employee training. Furthermore, these very individuals working inside the BP refinery are denied the positive legal right to a safe working environment. The massiv e blast is, as determined a result of BPs ignorance of incumbent repairs.Thus, BP is responsible for violating their employees positive legal right to work and provide for their families as well. Therefore, rights and justice are presented in this case. Due to the rights violated and lack of justice, this is definitely a moral problem. check up on the Economic Outcomes The concept of Pareto Optimality is key for determining the stinting outcomes. Pareto Optimality refers to a condition in which the scare resources of caller are being used so expeditiously by the producing firms, and the goods and services are being distributed so effectively by the war-ridden markets, that it would be hopeless to carry any case-by-case person kick downstairs off without harming some other person (Hosmer, 27).In order to achieve Pareto Optimality all markets must be competitive all customers and suppliers must be certain and all costs must be include. In the case of BPs Texas City refinery, the condition that states all ingrained and external costs must be included is violated. BP fails to recognize the costs necessary to maintain their facility, which results in the massive March 23 explosion. For example, when it was discovered that the same isomerization tower that leaked the flammable gases to cause the March 23 explosion, had leaked those same gases eight times before, all costs to repair the facility were ignored and operations were continued as normal.In addition, BP fails to include the costs associated with the loss of employee wages caused by the destruction of the refinery and the costs of tarnishing the health reputation of local communities. While BP does recognize the costs to mitigate their environmental impact and compensate for all victims, such expenditures only represent a itsy-bitsy fraction of the fit social and environmental damage caused by their operations. Also, all customers and suppliers are not informed of BPs practices, thus, they are in violation of another Pareto Optimality condition. Hosmer explains that all parties must be knowledgeable intimately the features of the products and standards of the company (Hosmer, 8).BP does not disclose all tuition regarding their products and standards, in fact, turn backs corrupt documents in the process. This was evident when BP act to conceal a large California lawsuit, in which they pleaded guilty to not properly maintaining, and falsify the maintenance reports of huge storage tanks (dol. gov. com). Without all necessary reading, parties cannot make rational resources and express sure preferences. In this situation, we cannot take the action that will generate the greatest profit for the company because this will definitely not generate the greatest benefit for company since all costs are not included and all information is not available.This moral problem cannot be lick economically or by applying Pareto Optimality because human-well being is electrostatic bein g jeopardized for a marginal profit to BP, even when an after-tax profit of $15. 7 billion is realized. Consider the jural Requirements The law in a democratic nine is the minimum collective standard that we hold volume accountable to. In this case, the laws that must be obeyed by BP and its operations are the United States government regulations imposed on crude oil industries. In the time in the lead up to and following the devastative explosion, BP has failed to comply with a solid number of legal requirements. In 2004, BP was cited for 14 alleged violations of standard operating procedures at their Texas City refinery.In September 2005, seven months after the explosion central to this case, the OSHA found hundreds of safety violations that it called egregious and willful (Hosmer, 50). Not only was BP in violation of their legal operational rights, they also denied their staff the legal right to a safe work environment. However, since the outbreak of BPs actions, the U. S g overnment has been active in ensuring that all legal requirements are met. Following the September 2005 report, the OSHA levied a record size of it fine of $21. 4 million on BP. Also imposed, was a three-year probationary period in which BP had to request permission from the agency before starting up old refinery units and report all accidents and injuries, regardless of cause, to the agency on a regular basis (Hosmer, 51).Now, although the OSHA was able to bring some positive change, there are still problems with the law relevant to the case. Initially, the aforementioned government agency lacked adequate information to impose the necessary regulations upon BP that would force them to maintain their facilities properly. Due to the fact that BP was falsifying their maintenance reports and managing to stay clear of the media, it was not until a series of in-depth investigations after the Texas City incident that the OSHA was able to reveal the companys maintenance fraud. The legal i nformation observed in this case tends to regress behind the necessary regulations and moral standards of edict, proving that the law is flawed by lengthy delays.Due to the missing adequate information and lengthy delays, simply obeying the law will not solve the moral problem. The government takes action after investigating the cause, which is not up to par with societys needs especially when human well being is being jeopardized. Even with federal regulations in place, in 2006, BP caused the largest oil spill on the uniting Slope of Alaska because their major pipeline was found to have been poorly maintained, to be badly rusted, and to require total replacement (Hosmer, 52). BP is operating against the law, even though they possess adequate information on their social and environmental consequences. The government regulations such as the $21.4 million fine as observed in the case, are much more a minor matter for BP, who had reported an after-tax profit of $15. 7 billion (Hos mer, 50). Thus, the law cannot be used to solve this moral problem as BP is both lawful and immoral. Evaluate the Ethical Duties In order to propose a solution to a moral dilemma as such, it is crucial to contemplate the ethical duties of BP and the miscellaneous ethical theories that apply. First, the convention of person-to-person Virtues comes in to play. It implies that one should never take any decision or action that is not open, square and truthful, and one that you would feel proud to see widely reported (Hosmer, 99). It is clear that BPs actions have right away violated this article of belief.Their decision to knowingly delay the maintenance of their problematic facility without informing many key stakeholders is definitely not open. BP also settled a lawsuit in which they falsified the maintenance records for storage tanks (Hosmer, 50), which is incomplete honest nor truthful. The key stakeholders in the case, such as the management of the refinery have not been o pen, honest and truthful, thus, cannot be proud of their decisions. This is seen in a two cases of whistleblowing where a manager of the Texas City refinery claimed that he had been ordered to cut costs by 25 percent in early 2005 and another BP executive had been directed to solemnize his maintenance expenditures low (Hosmer, 53).Since both of these members of the BP Company were laid off following the press release, it is clear that BP did not want the leaked information widely reported. Therefore, BP violates the prescript of personalised Virtues. Moving on, the opening of Utilitarian Benefits is one that takes an slavish approach, assigning costs and benefits to an outcome. It states that one should never take any decision or action that does not generate greater benefits than harms for the society of which you are a part (Hosmer, 99). Based on the classical recital of theory, from which, actions are judged solely in terms of their consequences, BP is in serious violation . Their decision to ignore maintenance requirements and live under dangerouscircumstances leads to a massive blast that has virtually no benefits for the society, other than the fact that BP is provided with an opportunity to rebuild a safer, more bushel facility. This benefit is very minute so we can assign it a 4 out of 10. Diametrically, the aforementioned decision creates legion(predicate) harms to society such as 15 deaths and over 170 injuries major environmental damage loss of jobs and much more. Being of such importance, it is only registration that we assign these outcomes with higher values such as 10,8 and 7 out of 10, respectively. Adding up the scores for the benefits and harms, we clearly see that the harms outweigh the benefits, thus, there is overwhelming demonstrate to infer the Utilitarian Benefits principle is violated.Furthermore, the principle of linguistic universal Duties implies that you should never take any decision or action that you would not be wil ing to see others, confront with the same or a closely similar situation, be free and even encourage to take (Hosmer, 99). In the case of BP, their actions directly defy the unconditioned imperative of the Universalizability Principle, which implies that you should act only according to the apothegm you are willing to universalize. If BP universalized their behaviour of ignoring maintenance requirements in oil refineries or their disregard to employee safety and well-being, several catastrophic industrial incidents could occur causing deaths, injuries, environmental damage and an overall decrease in the character reference of life.In fact, universalizing this behaviour would be self-defeating as the lack of clean water and resources would hinder the growth of crude industries. Looking at the Respect version of the matted imperative, it is clear that BP is once again in violation. The principle explains how one should use humans always as an end and never as a manner only (Hosm er, 96). The BP Company uses their employees as merely a nitty-gritty to an end by ordering them to carry out duties within the refinery. Given the numerous risks present in the workplace, the workers are treated as objects with very little care and value, useful only in achieving the companys aim. BP does not abide with the both aspects of the categorical imperative therefore, it violates the Universal Duties principle.Another ethical job worth evaluation is the principle of Distributive Justice. This theory mentions that moral standards are based on the primacy of a single value, justice, and that everyone should act to ensure a more equitable dissemination of benefits and burdens, because this promotes individual self respect, demand for cooperation (Hosmer, 100). This theory, unlike the others, is hypothetical and teleological. If we were to conduct a vox populi experiment, whereby we imagine ourselves in the original position behind the veil of ignorance, it is clear that BPs actions violate the deviance principle. Behind the veil of ignorance, we are unaware of our socioeconomic status.However, we are in the original position, which means we are interested in ourselves and those that who we care about to come thus, we would want benefits and burdens to be distributed equitably, as we do not know which party we belong to. The least advantaged members of the society include the workers of the BP refinery since they earn low labour wages, pickings orders from BP managers and senior officials. With BPs decision to ignore the gas leaks, rusty pipelines and delay future maintenance of their refinery, high proximity employees are placed in a very volatile situation. They can very perchance encounter life-threatening injuries or death.BPs actions fail to benefit the least advantaged members of society, which is unfair. Consequently, BP is not acting in their right moral indebtedness. Moreover, the decision to delay maintenance destroys the BP refinery a nd does not provide the workers with increased employment (or any employment for that matter). Due to the facts outlined, the social and economic inequalities created through BPs amoral actions are not justified. By means of a though experiment, it is evident that an equitable distribution of benefits and burdens is one that benefits the least advantaged members of society. The final ethical duty is Contributive Liberty or Libertarianism.In the same way, it explains that moral standards are based on the primacy of a single value, which is liberty, and that everyone should act to ensure greater granting immunity of select as this promotes market exchange, essential for social productiveness (Hosmer, 100). Applying this theory, it becomes clear that BPs actions are in violation with this principle. A few stakeholders, such as employees have their negative rights violated with the explosion, as they are unable to work and earn wages in a dangerous facility lacking maintenance repairs . More importantly, they are not ensured greater granting immunity of choice because even though they can see the flaws located in the refinery, they must proceed with the instructions from management. In the same way, the management is also denied a freedom to maintain the facility as they are ordered to cut costs by 25 percent or otherwise, risk losing their positions.By suppressing the freedom of these two stakeholders, BP is credible for the massive blast which shuts down the supply of BP petroleum and gas products ultimately, obstructing efficient market exchange and violating the principle of Contributive Liberty. Propose and Defend a response After determining the economic outcomes, considering the legal requirements and evaluating the ethical duties, it is appropriate to make my recommendation. My proposed solution to BPs moral problem is to make its most disadvantaged stakeholders bring out off and implement an Employee Workplace Evaluation architectural plan as a part of BPs regular operations. It is important to note that this case has already been solved legally through BP being sued, fined and placed on a probationary period, however, it does not help the moral situation as the law cannot solve anything morally.BP is already mitigating its environmental impact through financial compensation, but my solution involves them to start by personally apologizing to from each one and every family they have harmed through the explosion of the refinery. Next, BP needs to work with local communities to provide long-term health care, food and other services to those families that have any lost or suffered an injury to an earning loved one. In my opinion, this is the least a multi-billion dollar oil kitty can do to begin righting its amoral actions. The second trample in my solution entails BP implementing an Employee Workplace Evaluation political platform or EWEP, with overview from government authorities (OSHA).This will give the workers inside BP facilities an opportunity to report on various aspects of their job such as the safety of the equipment specific work instructions from their boss any risky occurrences (regardless of magnitude) all of which, are relevant to the cause of the March 23 explosion. With the use of an EWEP, all information is openly available, honest and truthful from the employees perspective, thus conform to principle of Personal Virtues. The solution also holds true for Utilitarian Benefits as the benefits of helping families recover from destruction and ensuring the future safety of employees, greatly outweighs the harms. Finally, by providing employees with the freedom of speech, BP will be able to align with the principle of Contributive Liberty and create more secure and productive work environments.